{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1785341041787,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":179,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beef Cattle Institute at Kansas State University and Beef Northwest Feeders"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heat stress negatively impacts performance and welfare and occurs when total environmental and metabolic thermal load exceeds an animal\u2019s ability to dissipate heat. Access to shade has been associated with reductions in body temperature and respiratory rate in cattle, but previous findings on cattle performance has been inconsistent. This pen-level randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of shade (2.8\u2009m2\/head, 100% solar block; n\u2009=\u200912 pens) versus no shade (n\u2009=\u200912 pens) on steer performance following terminal sort at a commercial feedyard in the Pacific Northwest, where animals were housed on roller-compacted concrete floors. Data collected included water consumption, feed delivery, disease events, open mouth breathing (OMB) behavior, and carcass traits. Shade reduced water consumption by 15% (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and pens without shade showed a 6% decrease in feed delivery when the previous day\u2019s temperature-humidity index (THI) was\u2009\u2265\u200980 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Additionally, shade reduced OMB behavior (P\u2009=\u20090.09), the number of culled steers (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and the incidence of dark cutters (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). A greater proportion of steers in shaded pens graded choice and prime (93%), compared to those in unshaded pens (91%) (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Inclusion of shade improved animal health, welfare, carcass quality, and environmental stewardship during the summer months in a commercial feedyard setting. Shade should be considered a valuable management tool for mitigating heat stress in finishing cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txag088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:50:25Z","timestamp":1782388225000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of shade on steer performance after terminal sort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Madeline R","family":"Mancke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad J","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda M","family":"Bortoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian V","family":"Lubbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-010-0389-y","article-title":"Effects of shade on physiological changes, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power in Thai Brahman cattle","volume":"55","author":"Aengwanich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B2","author":"Agricultural Prices","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3014","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting daily water intake on cattle finished in feedlots","volume":"89","author":"Arias","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.07.002","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of concrete \u2013 a review","volume":"20","author":"Asadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103798","article-title":"Strategies to alleviate heat stress on performance and physiological parameters in feedlot-finished cattle under heat stress conditions. A systematic review-meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Azevedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)30296-5","article-title":"Interactions of shade and feeding management on feedlot performance of crossbred steers during seasonal periods of high ambient temperature","volume":"29","author":"Barajas","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9740-x","article-title":"The effects of shade on performance, carcass classes and behaviour of heat-stressed feedlot cattle at the finisher phase","volume":"43","author":"Blaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5801","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9613","article-title":"Effects of shade and feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride to finishing steers on performance, carcass quality, heat stress, mobility, and body temperature","volume":"93","author":"Boyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(86)90109-0","article-title":"Indicators of poor welfare","volume":"142","author":"Broom","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2004.12.006","article-title":"Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 1: analyses of indicators","volume":"90","author":"Brown-Brandl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.04.025","article-title":"Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers","volume":"105","author":"Brown-Brandl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.04.012","article-title":"Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds","volume":"105","author":"Brown-Brandl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.56.9902","article-title":"Benefits of providing shade to feedlot cattle of different breeds","volume":"4","author":"Brown-Brandl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans ASABE."},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B14","author":"Cattle Markets","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B15","author":"Climate-Charts.com","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(81)82656-2","article-title":"Shade management in subtropical environment for milk yield and composition in Holstein and Jersey cows","volume":"64","author":"Collier","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.11.015","article-title":"Relationships between ambient conditions, thermal status, and feed intake of cattle during summer heat stress with access to shade","volume":"63","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.813649x","article-title":"Strategies to reduce feedlot cattle heat stress: effects on tympanic temperature1,2,3","volume":"81","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txaa020","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa020","article-title":"Net return distributions when metaphylaxis is used to control bovine respiratory disease in high health-risk cattle","volume":"4","author":"Dennis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1071\/AN13418","article-title":"Dietary betaine supplementation has energy-sparing effects in feedlot cattle during summer, particularly in those without access to shade","volume":"54","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa375","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa375","article-title":"Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain","volume":"99","author":"Edwards-Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2025.109841","article-title":"Characterizing research exploring factors associated with dark cutting, pH, color, and glycogen content in beef from grain-finished or feedlot-fed cattle: a systematic mapping review","volume":"226","author":"Edwards-Callaway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2005.02.001","article-title":"Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, part 2: predictive relationships","volume":"91","author":"Eigenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B24","author":"FedPrimeRate.com"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B25","first-page":"329","article-title":"Respiration rate\u2013is it a good measure of heat stress in cattle?","volume":"13","author":"Gaughan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2987","article-title":"Effect of shade on body temperature and performance of feedlot steers1","volume":"88","author":"Gaughan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.25397","article-title":"Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions","volume":"51","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5064","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0935","article-title":"Effect of shade on animal welfare, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in large pens of beef cattle fed a beta agonist in a commercial feedlot","volume":"94","author":"Hagenmaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B29","first-page":"15","article-title":"Assessing livestock stress","volume":"65","author":"Hahn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Agric. Eng"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.12104","article-title":"Evaluating a new shade for feedlot cattle performance and heat stress","volume":"60","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B31","author":"Ishmael","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22727","article-title":"Invited review: from heat stress to disease\u2014immune response and candidate genes involved in cattle thermotolerance","volume":"106","author":"Lemal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.7782065x","article-title":"Shade and wind barrier effects on summertime feedlot cattle performance","volume":"77","author":"Mader","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.843712x","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle","volume":"84","author":"Mader","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-009-0229-0","article-title":"Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load","volume":"54","author":"Mader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8092373x","article-title":"Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle","volume":"80","author":"Mader","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110671","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1110671","article-title":"Economically sustainable shade design for feedlot cattle","volume":"10","author":"Maia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2307\/3896768","article-title":"Shade for improving cattle gains and rangeland use (El Uso de Sombreadores para Mejorar las Ganancias de Novillas y Pastoreo de Animales)","volume":"24","author":"McIlvain","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Range Manage"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B39","author":"Meehan AgriBusiness Solutions","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1093\/ansci\/80.8.2043","article-title":"Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behavior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers1","volume":"80","author":"Mitl\u00f6hner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.7992327x","article-title":"Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle","volume":"79","author":"Mitl\u00f6hner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/19014","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12651","article-title":"Invited review: effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare","volume":"100","author":"Polsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12258","article-title":"Causes and contributing factors to \u201cdark cutting\u201d meat: current trends and future directions: a review","volume":"16","author":"Ponnampalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safe"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1971.33172x","article-title":"Behavior of feedlot cattle during two seasons","volume":"33","author":"Ray","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B47","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Stress physiology in livestock","author":"Robertshaw","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.2010.525785","article-title":"The effect of artificial or natural shade on respiration rate, behaviour and performance of grazing steers","volume":"53","author":"Rovira","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113002413","article-title":"The effect of type of shade on physiology, behaviour and performance of grazing steers","volume":"8","author":"Rovira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0282","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionists: the 2015 New Mexico State and Texas tech university survey1","volume":"94","author":"Samuelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7682040x","article-title":"Factors contributing to the incidence of dark cutting beef","volume":"76","author":"Scanga","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2016-01542","article-title":"A survey to describe current cattle feedlot facilities in the high plains region of the United States","volume":"33","author":"Simroth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5","article-title":"Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries","volume":"86","author":"St-Pierre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02180-3","article-title":"The impact of weather on the incidence of dark cutting in Australian feedlot cattle","volume":"66","author":"Steel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3152","article-title":"Effect of shade area on performance and welfare of short-fed feedlot cattle1","volume":"89","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B56","author":"Texas A&M AgriLife Extension","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B57","author":"USDA. 2013. Feedlot 2011 Part IV: health and health management on U.S. feedlots with a capacity of 1,000 or more head. USDA\u2013APHIS\u2013VS\u2013CEAH\u2013NAHMS, Fort Collins, CO. Report No.: 638.0913"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B58","author":"USDA National Feeder Cattle Summary","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115000804","article-title":"Effect of summer conditions and shade on behavioural indicators of thermal discomfort in Holstein dairy and Belgian Blue beef cattle on pasture","volume":"9","author":"Van Laer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2026072911464532900_txag088-B60","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Australian beef","author":"Young","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag088\/68641292\/txag088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag088\/68641292\/txag088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag088\/68641292\/txag088.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:46:52Z","timestamp":1785340012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag088\/8721316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txag088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"txag088"}}