{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:38:10Z","timestamp":1792636690479,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Pork Board and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Within the last decade, increased sow mortality resulting from pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has become a growing concern in the swine industry. Despite being widely acknowledged as a sow welfare and production issue, mitigation strategies are scarce. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in the vaginal microbiome are associated with risk for POP during late gestation, representing a potential target for prevention strategies. The objective of the current study was to evaluate effects of vaginal infusion of ampicillin during late gestation on POP incidence. To accomplish this, the hypothesis that vaginal infusions of antibiotics would reduce POP risk during late gestation was tested. Ampicillin was infused into the vagina at two timepoints during late gestation. The first dose (10\u2009mL at 200\u2009mg\/mL) was administered at gestational day 96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 followed by a second, equivalent dose at gestational day 112\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10. Sows were randomly assigned to treated (TRT; n\u2009=\u2009824) and non-treated (CON; n\u2009=\u2009739) groups based on gestation pen. At gestational days 107 to 116, sows (n\u2009=\u20091076) were evaluated for POP risk using a three-point perineal scoring system. Briefly, a perineal score (PS) of 1 (PS1) presumes little to no risk of POP, and a PS of 3 (PS3) presumes high risk of POP. From the 1076 sows assigned a PS, 46.5%, 49.7% and 3.8% of sows were assigned PS1, PS2, or PS3, respectively. Ampicillin treatment had no effect on PS (P\u2009=\u20090.20), with 45.6%, 51.6% and 2.8% of CON sows and 47.2%, 48.1% and 4.7% of TRT sows scoring a PS1, PS2, or PS3, respectively. Additionally, treatment did not affect (P\u2009=\u20090.74) POP incidence, with 4.5% of CON sows and 4.7% of TRT sows subsequently experiencing POP. Ampicillin treatment did not affect (P\u2009\u2265\u20090.54) litter characteristics. However, there was an effect of PS on litter characteristics observed with total born and stillborn piglets (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and a tendency for a difference in liveborn piglets (P\u2009=\u20090.09) between sows scored PS3 and PS1. Sows assigned a PS3 had fewer piglets born alive, presumably due to the increased number of stillborn piglets. Additionally, PS3 sows had 1 more total born on average within their litters compared to PS1 assigned sows (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). In conclusion, vaginal infusion of ampicillin had no effect on PS, POP incidence, or litter characteristics, but PS did have an effect on the number of piglets born alive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txag153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:38:30Z","timestamp":1791286710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of vaginal ampicillin administration in late gestation sows on pelvic organ prolapse in relation to perineal score and litter characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00eb E","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika M","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie M","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4950-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason W","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100029","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1100029","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Abbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256490","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/256490","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the use of probiotics","volume":"2008","author":"Cribby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B3","author":"Eckberg","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm197507242930403","article-title":"Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"293","author":"Eschenbach","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B5","volume-title":"Biochemistry, lipopolysaccharide","author":"Farhana","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/JAS\/SKAA187","article-title":"Sow and piglet traits associated with piglet survival at birth and to weaning","volume":"98","author":"Gourley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FERTNSTERT.2015.10.010","article-title":"Gynecologic health and disease in relation to the microbiome of the female reproductive tract","volume":"104","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20499361231154443","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231154443","article-title":"Current understanding of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and approaches for its management","volume":"10","author":"Kesavelu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85367-3","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and serum metabolite differences in late gestation commercial sows at risk for pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"11","author":"Kiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOLRE\/IOAB178","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota differences associated with pelvic organ prolapse risk during late gestation in commercial sows","volume":"105","author":"Kiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab207","DOI":"10.1093\/JAS\/SKAB207","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers associated with pelvic organ prolapse risk in late gestation sows","volume":"99","author":"Kiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioag222","article-title":"Metagenome shotgun sequencing allows insights into the functional potential of the vaginal microbiome associated with pelvic organ prolapse in sows","author":"Kiefer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384583","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1384583","article-title":"Evaluation of fecal microbiota of late gestation sows in relation to pelvic organ prolapse risk","volume":"15","author":"Kiefer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819958","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.819958","article-title":"Healthy vaginal microbiota and influence of probiotics across the female life span","volume":"13","author":"Lehtoranta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/INFDIS\/JIV079","article-title":"Rapid and profound shifts in the vaginal microbiota following antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis","volume":"212","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105883","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PREVETMED.2023.105883","article-title":"Risk factors associated with sow mortality in breeding herds under one production system in the Midwestern United States","volume":"213","author":"Paiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1260","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome and consequences for host health","volume":"11","author":"Patangia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Peechakara","year":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008055232-3.61227-9"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0971-3","article-title":"Vaginal colonisation by probiotic lactobacilli and clinical outcome in women conventionally treated for bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection","volume":"15","author":"Pendharkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13090-8","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota signatures in healthy and purulent vulvar discharge sows","volume":"12","author":"Poor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B21","author":"Ross","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59955-8","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota diverges in sows with low and high reproductive performance after porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Sanglard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.4.485","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis","volume":"4","author":"Spiegel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txag096","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txag096","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic usage during late gestation on pelvic organ prolapse incidence in sows","volume":"10","author":"Studer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2017.78009","article-title":"Prolapse incidence in swine breeding herds is a cause for concern","volume":"7","author":"Supakorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.03.017","article-title":"Factors affecting duration of the expulsive stage of parturition and piglet birth intervals in sows with uncomplicated, spontaneous farrowings","volume":"64","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MICPATH.2017.08.030","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbiota of endometritis and healthy sows using high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01142.x","article-title":"Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal agents for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush): a systematic review","volume":"109","author":"Watson","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B29","first-page":"109","article-title":"Variables related to the progress of parturition and probability of stillbirth in swine","volume":"34","author":"Zaleski","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026102121470717400_txag153-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690091","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2021.690091","article-title":"Gut and vagina microbiota associated with estrus return of weaning sows and its correlation with the changes in serum metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag153\/71627135\/txag153.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag153\/71627135\/txag153.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag153\/71627135\/txag153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:47:14Z","timestamp":1792633634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag153\/8868980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txag153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"txag153"}}