{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1787738130117,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSBRI SA02802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSBRI SA02802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#80NSSC17K0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC17K0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Astronauts are exposed to elevated CO2 levels onboard the International Space Station. Here, we investigated structural brain changes in 11 participants following 30-days of head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) combined with 0.5% ambient CO2 (HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2) as a spaceflight analog. We contrasted brain changes observed in the HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2 group with those of a previous HDBR sample not exposed to elevated CO2. Both groups exhibited a global upward shift of the brain and concomitant intracranial free water (FW) redistribution. Greater gray matter changes were seen in the HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2 group in some regions. The HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2 group showed significantly greater FW decrements in the posterior cerebellum and the cerebrum than the HDBR group. In comparison to the HDBR group, the HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2 group exhibited greater diffusivity increases. In half of the participants, the HDBR\u2009+\u2009CO2 intervention resulted in signs of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), a constellation of ocular structural and functional changes seen in astronauts. We therefore conducted an exploratory comparison compared between subjects that did and did not develop SANS and found asymmetric lateral ventricle enlargement in the SANS group. These results enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of spaceflight-induced brain changes, which is critical for promoting astronaut health and performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgab022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T14:16:15Z","timestamp":1617113775000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Spaceflight Stressors on Brain Volume, Microstructure, and Intracranial Fluid Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jessica K","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology , College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center, Cologne,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Koppelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Pasternak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparments of Psychiatry and Radiology , Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole E","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR , Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor S","family":"Kofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR , Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiri E","family":"De Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR , Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin R","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center, Cologne,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajitkumar P","family":"Mulavara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR , Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob J","family":"Bloomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center , Houston, TX 77058, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael D","family":"Seidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology , College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases , University of Florida, 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