{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:04:18Z","timestamp":1790787858729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["261384-2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["261384-2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-04401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The locus coeruleus (LC) produces phasic and tonic firing patterns that are theorized to have distinct functional consequences. However, how different firing modes affect learning and valence encoding of sensory information are unknown. Here, we show bilateral optogenetic activation of rat LC neurons using 10-Hz phasic trains of either 300\u00a0ms or 10\u00a0s accelerated acquisition of a similar odor discrimination. Similar odor discrimination learning was impaired by noradrenergic blockade in the piriform cortex (PC). However, 10-Hz phasic light-mediated learning facilitation was prevented by a dopaminergic antagonist in the PC, or by ventral tegmental area (VTA) silencing with lidocaine, suggesting a LC\u2013VTA\u2013PC dopamine circuitry involvement. Ten-hertz tonic stimulation did not alter odor discrimination acquisition, and was ineffective in activating VTA DA neurons. For valence encoding, tonic stimulation at 25\u00a0Hz induced conditioned odor aversion, whereas 10-Hz phasic stimulations produced an odor preference. Both conditionings were prevented by noradrenergic blockade in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Cholera Toxin B retro-labeling showed larger engagement of nucleus accumbens-projecting neurons in the BLA with 10-Hz phasic activation, and larger engagement of central amygdala projecting cells with 25-Hz tonic light. These outcomes argue that the LC activation patterns differentially influence both target networks and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgab026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T15:06:07Z","timestamp":1617721567000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Locus Coeruleus Activation Patterns Differentially Modulate Odor Discrimination Learning and Odor Valence in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Abhinaba","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faghihe","family":"Massaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyron D","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamunotonye","family":"Omoluabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Torraville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia B","family":"Pritchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"},{"name":"Psychology Department, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh","family":"Sepahvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa D","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard M","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn W","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2018s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070811041642600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02837.1987","article-title":"Single-unit response of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving cats. 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