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However, their target processes in fetal neuro-development are unknown. We report that the injection of VPA into the fetus impaired imprinting to an artificial object in neonatal chicks, while a predisposed preference for biological motion (BM) remained intact. Blockade of nAChRs acted oppositely, sparing imprinting and impairing BM preference. Beside ketamine and tubocurarine, significant effects of imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid insecticide) appeared at a dose \u22641\u00a0ppm. In accord with the behavioral dissociations, VPA enhanced histone acetylation in the primary cell culture of fetal telencephalon, whereas ketamine did not. VPA reduced the brain weight and the ratio of NeuN-positive cells (matured neurons) in the telencephalon of hatchlings, whereas ketamine\/tubocurarine did not. Despite the distinct underlying mechanisms, both VPA and nAChR blockade similarly impaired imprinting to biological image composed of point-light animations. Furthermore, both impairments were abolished by postnatal bumetanide treatment, suggesting a common pathology underlying the social attachment malformation. Neurotransmission via nAChR is thus critical for the early social bond formation, which is hindered by ambient neonicotinoids through impaired visual predispositions for animate objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgac041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T13:37:51Z","timestamp":1667050671000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fetal blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine transmission causes autism-like impairment of biological motion preference in the neonatal chick"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan"},{"name":"Health Science University of Hokkaido Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, , Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan"},{"name":"University of Trento Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences, , Rovereto 38068, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momoko","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan"},{"name":"Health Science University of Hokkaido Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, , Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Patzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan"},{"name":"Health and Medical University , Potsdam 14471, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Toji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2702-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiko","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, , Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency , PRESTO, 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