{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:55:15Z","timestamp":1775789715526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The efficiency of agro pesticides and fertilizers in eliminating pests and scaling up crop yield has motivated farmers to increase their use. Unfortunately, health hazards caused on farmers by these agrochemicals are of growing concern, though not well elucidated. In order to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to agrochemicals on some key parameters of male farmers\u2019 health in Buea Subdivision, Cameroon, a total of 101 men, including 62 farmers using the agrochemicals and a reference population of 39 men not involved in occupational utilization of the agrochemicals, were interviewed on use of protective equipment, exposure symptoms and reproductive health status. Thereafter, serum cholinesterase [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)] activities, total antioxidant capacity and reproductive hormones [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone] were assessed. Results revealed that farmers mainly used insecticides followed by fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers, but with inadequate protective measures. The use of agrochemicals resulted in several exposure symptoms including weakness, itches, burning sensation, headache, sneezing, coughing and vomiting, as well as decrease in serum AChE activity when compared to the reference population. The agrochemicals impacted negatively on the farmers\u2019 reproductive health as evidenced by increased FSH levels. Taken altogether, these results suggested that exposure to agrochemicals adversely affects farmers\u2019 health. Therefore, there is a need to further sensitize the farmers on the use of protective equipment to mitigate the exposure and resulting health hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaa113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T15:24:20Z","timestamp":1608737060000},"page":"232-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Occupational use of agrochemicals results in inhibited cholinesterase activity and altered reproductive hormone levels in male farmers from Buea, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faustin Pascal Tsagu\u00e9","family":"Manfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"},{"name":"Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian Fusi","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edouard Akono","family":"Nantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul Fewou","family":"Moundipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, P.O. Box 812, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fidelis","family":"Cho-Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon"},{"name":"National Higher Polytechnic Institute (NAHPI), University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Agro pesticides and andrology","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref2","first-page":"5639","article-title":"An investigation of seasonal changes in nitrate contents of soils and irrigation waters in greenhouses located in Antalya-Demre region","volume":"19","author":"S\u00f6nmez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J Chem"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2728","article-title":"Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides and cytokine pathways in chronic diseases (review)","volume":"38","author":"Gangemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20656","article-title":"Effects of agropesticides use on male reproductive function: a study on farmers in Djutisa (Cameroon)","volume":"27","author":"Manfo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2015.1020182","article-title":"A comprehensive review of pesticides and the immune dysregulation: mechanisms, evidence and consequences","volume":"25","author":"Mokarizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6374","article-title":"New insights on \u2018old\u2019 toxicants in occupational toxicology (review)","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.05.007","article-title":"CYP polymorphisms and pathological conditions related to chronic exposure to organochlorine pesticides","volume":"4","author":"Docea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.460113.x","article-title":"Airborne irritant contact dermatitis from phosphates in a fertilizer factory","volume":"46","author":"Lazarov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4509(07)92598-5","article-title":"Can nitrates lead to indirect toxicity?","volume":"65","author":"Hamon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Pharm Fr"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref10","first-page":"485","article-title":"Male endocrine functions in workers with moderate exposure to lead","volume":"48","author":"Ng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467208666150126155420","article-title":"Effect of environmental contaminants on mammalian testis","volume":"7","author":"Manfo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref12","first-page":"1951","article-title":"Association between oxidative stress biomarkers and PON and GST polymorphisms as a predictor for susceptibility to the effects of pesticides","volume":"45","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2013.07.004","article-title":"Dermal exposure associated with occupational end use of pesticides and the role of protective measures","volume":"4","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.013","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to pesticides in rural workers in southern of Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Silv\u00e9rio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1087-4","article-title":"Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit","volume":"88","author":"Berthet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0374-1","article-title":"Cholinesterase research outreach project (CROP): point of care cholinesterase measurement in an Australian agricultural community","volume":"17","author":"Cotton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116681652","article-title":"Simulating real-life exposures to uncover possible risks to human health: a proposed consensus for a novel methodological approach","volume":"36","author":"Tsatsakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500116","article-title":"Assessing children\u2019s organophosphorus pesticide exposures in agricultural communities","volume":"10","author":"Fenske","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509745","article-title":"Urinary dialkyl phosphate concentrations and lung function parameters in adolescents and adults: results from the Canadian health measures survey","volume":"124","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22067","article-title":"High pesticide exposure events and DNA methylation among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study","volume":"58","author":"Rusiecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.06.005","article-title":"Biomarkers of organophosphate (OP) exposures in humans","volume":"32","author":"Marsillach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.015","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibition and toxicokinetics in immature and adult rats after acute or repeated exposures to chlorpyrifos or chlorpyrifos-oxon","volume":"63","author":"Marty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/321213","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase as a biomarker in environmental and occupational medicine: new insights and future perspectives","volume":"2013","author":"Lionetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2450","article-title":"Relative roles of inhibin B and sex steroids in the negative feedback regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone in men across the full spectrum of seminiferous epithelium function","volume":"93","author":"Boepple","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1","article-title":"Effect of oxidative stress on male reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233718761699","article-title":"Parastar insecticide induced changes in reproductive parameters and testicular oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar male rats","volume":"34","author":"Nantia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233718769526","article-title":"The biochemical effects of occupational exposure to lead and cadmium on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activity in the blood of glazers in tile industry","volume":"34","author":"Hormozi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199417000028","article-title":"Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning","volume":"25","author":"Gandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2305764","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of agro pesticides use on liver and kidney function in farmers from Buea, Cameroon","volume":"2020","author":"Manfo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref30","first-page":"287","article-title":"Chemical fertilizer application and farmers perception on food safety in Buea, Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Tayoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric Sci Res J"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref31","first-page":"454","article-title":"Environmental and human health assessment in relation to pesticide use by local farmers and the Cameroon development corporation (CDC), Fako division, South-West Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"Kenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Sci J"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139480","article-title":"New insights into butyrylcholinesterase activity assay. Serum dilution factor as crucial parameter","volume":"10","author":"Jo\u0144ca","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: the FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den331","article-title":"Semen quality according to prenatal coffee and present caffeine exposure: two decades of follow-up of a pregnancy cohort","volume":"23","author":"Ramlau-Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308988387","article-title":"Risk factors for unexplained dyspermia in infertile men: a case-control study","volume":"31","author":"Parazzini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1166","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001166","article-title":"Lifestyles associated with human semen quality: results from MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy295","article-title":"Coffee consumption and plasma biomarkers of metabolic and inflammatory pathways in US health professionals","volume":"109","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0257-2","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine intake and male infertility: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ricci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0061-z","article-title":"Farmers knowledge and perception on maize stem borers and their indigenous control methods in south western region of Cameroon","volume":"11","author":"Oben","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eth-nobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IPMR.0000027499.52755.0b","article-title":"Integrated pest management in cocoa agroforests in southern Cameroon: constraints and overview","volume":"17","author":"Sonwa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr Pest Manag Rev"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2008.02.004","article-title":"Management constraints of cocoa agroforest during acquisition and application of pesticides in humid forest zone of Cameroon","volume":"27","author":"Sonwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref42","volume-title":"Liste des pesticides homologues au cameroun au 18 avril 2019. Liste r\u00e9serv\u00e9e au Grand Public","author":"MINADER","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.10.028","article-title":"Assessing farmers' practices on disposal of pesticide waste after use","volume":"390","author":"Damalas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.05.003","article-title":"MicroRNAs alteration as early biomarkers for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases: new challenges in pesticides exposure","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9484-8","article-title":"DDT and HCH isomer levels in soils, carrot root and carrot leaf samples","volume":"81","author":"Waliszewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00028602","article-title":"Occupational and environmental risk factors for respiratory symptoms in rural Beijing, China","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.12-0144-FS","article-title":"Occupational exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides affects sperm chromatin integrity and reproductive hormone levels among Venezuelan farm workers","volume":"55","author":"Miranda-Contreras","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0401","DOI":"10.15275\/rusomj.2017.0401","article-title":"Survey on serum acetylecholinesterase (SAChE) activity in selected farming communities at risk of organophosphate exposure, Southern Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Tetteh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ Open Med J"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2017.1283276","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and cholinesterase levels in migrant farm Workers in Thailand","volume":"22","author":"Thetkathuek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1081\/PFC-100000914","article-title":"Influence of paraquat, glyphosate, and cadmium on the activity of some serum enzymes and protein electrophoretic behavior (in vitro)","volume":"36","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194152","article-title":"In vivo inhibition of AChE and ATPase activities in the tissues of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio exposed to technical grade cypermethrin","volume":"52","author":"Reddy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.06.004","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms as determinants of pesticide toxicity: recent advances","volume":"6","author":"Teodoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360802236393","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of testosterone and some of its metabolites","volume":"24","author":"Al-Aboudi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-008-0286-x","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase: a potential biochemical indicator for biomonitoring of fertilizer industry effluent toxicity in freshwater teleost, Channa striatus","volume":"18","author":"Yadav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4375","article-title":"Agrochemical mixtures and amphibians: the combined effects of pesticides and fertilizer on stress, acetylcholinesterase activity and bioaccumulation in a terrestrial environment","volume":"38","author":"Meter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/946372","article-title":"The toxic effect of manganese on the acetylcholinesterase activity in rat brain","volume":"2014","author":"Babadi","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.21608\/jbaar.2017.125169","article-title":"Effects of occupational exposure to pesticides on male sex hormones","volume":"3","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biosci Appl Res"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.05.016","article-title":"Reproductive and possible hormonal effects of carbendazim","volume":"69","author":"Rama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21838","article-title":"Effects of chlorpyrifos on reproductive toxicology of male rats","volume":"29","author":"Sai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7656-3","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats","volume":"24","author":"Marouani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02739","article-title":"Pyrethroid insecticide Cypermethrin accelerates pubertal onset in male mice via disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis","volume":"51","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65887-0","article-title":"Reproductive effects of subchronic exposure to acetamiprid in male rats","volume":"10","author":"Ar\u0131can","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5923\/j.chemistry.20120204.07","article-title":"Appraisal of heavy metal contents in commercial inorganic fertilizers blended and marketed in Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Ukpabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Chem"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345710","article-title":"The effect of lead intoxication on endocrine functions","volume":"32","author":"Doumouchtsis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(76)90007-1","article-title":"Testosterone-induced changes of choline acetyl-transferase and cholinesterase activities in rat levator ani muscle","volume":"27","author":"Tu\u010dek","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00073","article-title":"Serum cholinesterases are differentially regulated in normal and dystrophin-deficient mutant mice","volume":"5","author":"Durrant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2021041414031715700_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22398","article-title":"Oxidative stress and genetic damage among workers exposed primarily to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides","volume":"32","author":"Zepeda-Arce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxres\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/232\/37051092\/tfaa113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxres\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/232\/37051092\/tfaa113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T18:39:08Z","timestamp":1618598348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxres\/article\/10\/2\/232\/6135017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxres\/tfaa113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-4538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-4538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]}}}