{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:21:06Z","timestamp":1792858866057,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81673126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective: Radon (222Rn) is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that has been closely linked with the development of lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the radon-induced DNA strand breaks, a critical event in lung carcinogenesis, and the corresponding DNA damage response (DDR) in mice and human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Methods: Biomarkers of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), DNA repair response to DSBs, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, autophagy, and a cell apoptosis signaling pathway as well as cell-cycle arrest and the rate of apoptosis were determined in mouse lung and BEAS-2B cells after radon exposure. Results: Repeated radon exposure induced DSBs indicated by the increasing expressions of \u03b3-Histone 2AX (H2AX) protein and H2AX gene in a time and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a panel of ATM-dependent repair cascades [i.e. non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ), cell-cycle arrest and the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)\/Bax apoptosis signaling pathway] as well as the autophagy process were activated. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine pre-treatment partially reversed the expression of NHEJ-related genes induced by radon exposure in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that long-term exposure to radon gas induced DNA lesions in the form of DSBs and a series of ATM-dependent DDR pathways. Activation of the ATM-mediated autophagy may provide a protective and pro-survival effect on radon-induced DSBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfae165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:02:14Z","timestamp":1728306134000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Repeated radon exposure induced ATM kinase-mediated DNA damage response and protective autophagy in mice and human bronchial epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1892-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Binhai county center for disease control and prevention , 3 Gangcheng Road, Binhai County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224500,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2298-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1191-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7439-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3494-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1901-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjiao","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9208-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5265-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieyun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1864-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow 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