{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:43:39Z","timestamp":1792842219449,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU-DSPP-2024-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU-DSPP-2024-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Thymoquinone (THQ), a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactive compound has been reported in numerous studies to prevent the hepatorenal toxicity caused by various xenobiotics. Similarly, the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been used to protect against the hepatorenal damages caused by oxidative stress due to their potent antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize and investigate the possible protective effects of THQ, ZnONPs and THQ-loaded ZnONPs against CCl4 induced hepatorenal toxicity in albino rats. ZnONPs and THQ-loaded ZnONPs were synthesized and characterized by various techniques. For the in-vivo study, thirty albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. The control group received normal saline and 2nd group (injury group) received CCl4 only. The 3rd group (T1-group) received CCl4\u2009+\u2009ZnONPs, the 4th group (T2-group) received CCl4\u2009+\u2009THQ, and the 5th group (T3-group) received CCl4\u2009+\u2009THQ-loaded ZnONPs. Renal and hepatic biomarkers (total bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), lipid profiles, antioxidant levels and histopathological studies were investigated. The synthesized NPs showed a spherical shape with an average size of 16\u201330\u00a0nm and exhibited hexagonal structures. Results showed that THQ-loaded ZnONPs resulted in a decrease in liver and kidney biomarkers as well as a reduction in TC, TG, and LDL levels compared to groups received ZnONPs and THQ alone. CAT, SOD, GR and DPPH-radical scavenging ability were maintained at normal levels in group T3, which received THQ-loaded ZnONPs compared to T1 and T2 groups. Hepatic histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in hydropic degeneration and hepatocyte congestion in the central veins, alongside a decrease in tubular cell swelling and normalization of renal histology in the THQ-loaded ZnONPs groups. In conclusion, results of this investigation demonstrate that THQ-loaded ZnONPs can act as an efficient protectant and antioxidant against oxidative stress and hepatorenal toxicity caused by various xenobiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T13:24:41Z","timestamp":1742217881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thymoquinone loaded zinc oxide Nanoformulations synthesis, characterization and evaluation of their efficacy against carbon tetrachloride induced Hepatorenal toxicity in rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2795-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Hashim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women University , Jail Road, Lahore 54000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaira","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women University , Jail Road, Lahore 54000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0841-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huma","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54000 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1333-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid S","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Science and English Language Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University , Riyadh 71666 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4919-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shatha B","family":"Albattal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Science and English Language Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University , Riyadh 71666 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1266-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba I","family":"Ghamry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University , P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mohamed","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University , P.O. 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