{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:05:37Z","timestamp":1791565537595,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Supporting Project Number","award":["RSPD2025R739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2025R739"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly recognized for its role in severe health conditions, including sexually transmitted infections, ovarian and prostate cancer. The adhesion protein plays a crucial role in the pathogen\u2019s ability to attach to and invade host cells, making it a key target for vaccine development. The need to develop a vaccine against M. genitalium stems from its rising antibiotic resistance, limited treatments and effectiveness. This study focuses on the design and computational evaluation of adhesion protein-based epitope vaccine. Through an immunoinformatic approach, multiple novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and linear B-cell epitopes were identified from the adhesion protein, demonstrating strong antigenic, non-allergenic, and immunogenic properties. The vaccine construct\u2019s 3D structure was validated using Ramachandran plot analysis, ProSA, and ERRAT servers, confirming its stability and suitability. Molecular docking studies revealed a high binding affinity of the vaccine with the TLR-2 receptor, further supported by 100\u00a0ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that confirmed the structural stability and robust interaction of the vaccine with immune receptors. In silico immune simulations using the C-ImmSim server demonstrated the vaccine\u2019s potential to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Codon optimization for expression in E. coli using the pET-29a(+) vector predicted efficient production of the vaccine. The comprehensive computational analysis, underscores the potential of this epitope-based vaccine as a promising candidate against M. genitalium infections. However, the study emphasizes the necessity of in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the vaccine\u2019s efficacy and safety before advancing to clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T14:46:48Z","timestamp":1753627608000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of an epitope-based vaccine from <i>mycoplasma genitalium<\/i> adhesion protein: addressing antibiotic resistance through immune-informatics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3044-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Muhammad","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences. The University of Lahore - 1-Km Defence Road\u060c Near Bhuptian Chowk, Lahore, 54590 ,","place":["Pakistan"]},{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West canal, Bank Road, University of the Punjab , Lahore - 53700 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West canal, Bank Road, University of the Punjab , Lahore - 53700 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Muhammad Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Balochistan , Quetta, 87300 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loralai Medical College , Loralai, 9HW3+H7R, 84800 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabbani","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, P.O. Box- 2457, 11451 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahid","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences. The University of Lahore - 1-Km Defence Road\u060c Near Bhuptian Chowk, Lahore, 54590 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University , 18000 Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira Asif","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West canal, Bank Road, University of the Punjab , Lahore-53700 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West canal, Bank Road, University of the Punjab , Lahore-53700 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), 87-West canal, Bank Road, University of the Punjab , Lahore - 53700 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072710464222400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: challenges 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