{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T04:29:35Z","timestamp":1774153775542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011718","name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages offer a versatile model system to study the efficacy and safety of drugs or other chemicals with regard to human and environmental health. This is because, aside from the well-characterized genome of zebrafish and the availability of a broad range of experimental and computational research tools, they are exceptionally well suited for high-throughput approaches. Yet, one important pharmacokinetic aspect is thus far only poorly understood in zebrafish embryo and early larvae: their biotransformation capacity. Especially, biotransformation of electrophilic compounds is a critical pathway because they easily react with nucleophile molecules, such as DNA or proteins, potentially inducing adverse health effects. To combat such adverse effects, conjugation reactions with glutathione and further processing within the mercapturic acid pathway have evolved. We here explore the functionality of this pathway in zebrafish early life stages using a reference substrate (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, CDNB). With this work, we show that zebrafish embryos can biotransform CDNB to the respective glutathione conjugate as early as 4\u2009h postfertilization. At all examined life stages, the glutathione conjugate is further biotransformed to the last metabolite of the mercapturic acid pathway, the mercapturate, which is slowly excreted. Being able to biotransform electrophiles within the mercapturic acid pathway shows that zebrafish early life stages possess the potential to process xenobiotic compounds through glutathione conjugation and the formation of mercapturates. The presence of this chemical biotransformation and clearance route in zebrafish early life stages supports the application of this model in toxicology and chemical hazard assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T11:36:31Z","timestamp":1589456191000},"page":"355-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biotransformation Capacity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Early Life Stages: Functionality of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Alena","family":"Tierbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ksenia J","family":"Groh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Sch\u00f6nenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3762-3490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc J -F","family":"Suter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081005564539700_kfaa073-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/tx960072x","article-title":"Structure, catalytic mechanism, and evolution of the glutathione transferases","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. 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