{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:05:29Z","timestamp":1790701529790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LDT23H19015H19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDT23H19015H19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 has brought nonclinical drug evaluation into a new era. In vitro models are widely used and play an important role in modern drug development and evaluation, including early candidate drug screening and preclinical drug efficacy and toxicity assessment. Driven by regulatory steering and facilitated by well-defined physiology, novel in vitro skin models are emerging rapidly, becoming the most advanced area in alternative testing research. The revolutionary technologies bring us many in vitro skin models, either laboratory-developed or commercially available, which were all built to emulate the structure of the natural skin to recapitulate the skin\u2019s physiological function and particular skin pathology. During the model development, how to achieve balance among complexity, accessibility, capability, and cost-effectiveness remains the core challenge for researchers. This review attempts to introduce the existing in vitro skin models, align them on different dimensions, such as structural complexity, functional maturity, and screening throughput, and provide an update on their current application in various scenarios within the scope of chemical testing and drug development, including testing in genotoxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, corrosion\/irritation. Overall, the review will summarize a general strategy for in vitro skin model to enhance future model invention, application, and translation in drug development and evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T05:09:49Z","timestamp":1694495389000},"page":"152-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The frontline of alternatives to animal testing: novel <i>in vitro<\/i> skin model application in drug development and evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaojun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112810362166100_kfad093-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2010.05.017","article-title":"International prevalidation studies of the EpiDerm\u2122 3D human reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay: Transferability and reproducibility","volume":"701","author":"Aardema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. 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