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However, the effects on neural cells and skull ossification in embryos remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of PPF on the structure and ultrastructure of brain cells and its influence on the skull ossification process during embryonic development. Chicken embryos, used as an experimental model, were exposed to concentrations of 0.01 and 10\u2009mg\/l PPF at E1. The findings demonstrated that PPF led to notable ultrastructural alterations such as reduced cilia and microvilli of ependymal cells and damage to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and cell membranes in neural cells. The frequency of changes and the degree of these cell damage between the forebrain and midbrain were similar. PPF induced a reduction in fox3 transcript levels, specific for differentiation of neurons, and a reduction in the NeuN protein content related to mature neurons and dendritic branches. PPF impacted the ossification process of the skull, as evidenced by the increase in the ossified area and the decrease in inter-bone spacing. In conclusion, this study highlights the ability of PPF to affect neurodevelopmental processes by inducing ultrastructural damage to neural cells, concomitant with a reduction in NeuN and fox3 expression. This detrimental impact coupled with deficiencies in skull ossification can prevent the proper growth and development of the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T08:38:54Z","timestamp":1706171934000},"page":"260-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Developmental toxicity of pyriproxyfen induces changes in the ultrastructure of neural cells and in the process of skull ossification"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Maico Roberto","family":"Luckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9llanie Amanda Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norma Machado","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelise Maria","family":"Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040414574702500_kfae009-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-012-9212-3","article-title":"Cytoplasmic vacuolization during exposure to drugs and other substances","volume":"28","author":"Aki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biol. 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