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Despite this awareness, little is known about the health consequences of MP ingestion. We have previously shown that the consumption of polystyrene (PS) beads was associated with intestinal dysbiosis and diabetes and obesity in mice. To further evaluate the systemic metabolic effects of PS on the gut-liver-adipose tissue axis, we supplied C57BL\/6J mice with normal water or that containing 2 sizes of PS beads (0.5 and 5\u2009\u00b5m) at a concentration of 1\u2009\u00b5g\/ml. After 13\u2009weeks, we evaluated indices of metabolism and liver function. As observed previously, mice drinking the PS-containing water had a potentiated weight gain and adipose expansion. Here we found that this was associated with an increased abundance of adipose F4\/80+ macrophages. These exposures did not cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but were associated with decreased liver:body weight ratios and an enrichment in hepatic farnesoid X receptor and liver X receptor signaling. PS also increased hepatic cholesterol and altered both hepatic and cecal bile acids. Mice consuming PS beads and treated with the berry anthocyanin, delphinidin, demonstrated an attenuated weight gain compared with those mice receiving a control intervention and also exhibited a downregulation of\u00a0cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and\u00a0peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways. This study highlights the obesogenic role of PS in perturbing the gut-liver-adipose axis and altering nuclear receptor signaling and intermediary metabolism. Dietary interventions may limit the adverse metabolic effects of PS consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:11:13Z","timestamp":1706688673000},"page":"210-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Obesogenic polystyrene microplastic exposures disrupt the gut-liver-adipose axis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7512-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, 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Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"The Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Conklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"The Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Ekuban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, 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Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric C","family":"Rouchka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"KY INBRE Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, 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Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA"},{"name":"The Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dibson D","family":"Gondim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"The Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of 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