{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1791734642524,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020"},{"name":"MSCA COFUND IMPACT","award":["101034352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101034352"]}]},{"name":"VUB-Industrial Research Fund"},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders-Belgium"},{"name":"Methusalem program of the Flemish Government-Belgium"},{"name":"University Hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel-Belgium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a relatively common complication in individuals receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). IFALD can be manifested as different types of liver injury, including steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and could result in liver failure in some cases. The onset and progression of IFALD are highly dependent on various patient and PN-related risk factors. Despite still being under investigation, several mechanisms have been proposed. Liver injury can originate due to caloric overload, nutrient deficiency, and toxicity, as well as phytosterol content, and omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio contained in lipid emulsions. Additional mechanisms include immature or defective bile acid metabolism, acute heart failure, infections, and sepsis exerting negative effects via Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor \u03baB inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, lack of enteral feeding, gut dysbiosis, and altered enterohepatic circulation that affect the farnesoid x receptor-fibroblast growth factor 19 axis can also contribute to IFALD. Various best practices can be adopted to minimize the risk of developing IFALD, such as prevention and management of central line infections and sepsis, preservation of intestine\u2019s length, a switch to oral and enteral feeding, cyclic PN, avoidance of overfeeding and soybean oil-based lipid formulations, and avoiding hepatotoxic substances. The present review thus provides a comprehensive overview of all relevant aspects inherent to IFALD. Further research focused on clinical observations, translational models, and advanced toxicological knowledge frameworks is needed to gain more insight into the molecular pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity, reduce IFALD incidence, and encourage the safe use of PN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T22:43:03Z","timestamp":1708468983000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury: clinical relevance and mechanistic insights"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6120-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Mihajlovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenzi","family":"Rosseel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"De Waele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Vinken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042916030327900_kfae020-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.014","article-title":"Influence of different intravenous lipid emulsions on fatty acid status and laboratory and clinical outcomes in adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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