{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:58:20Z","timestamp":1792843100691,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 GM130422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM130422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 MD015496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 MD015496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES032037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES032037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES014639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES014639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 GM088021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 GM088021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 MD015706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 MD015706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15 ES034901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15 ES034901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The exponential increase in global plastic usage has led to the emergence of nano- and microplastic (NMP) pollution as a pressing environmental issue due to its implications for human and other mammalian health. We have developed methodologies to extract solid materials from human tissue samples by saponification and ultracentrifugation, allowing for highly specific and quantitative analysis of plastics by pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). As a benchmark, placenta tissue samples were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and automated particle count, which demonstrated the presence of &amp;gt;1-micron particles and fibers, but not nano-sized plastic particles. Analyses of the samples (n\u2009=\u200910) using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated presence of rayon, polystyrene, polyethylene, and unclassified plastic particles. By contrast, among 62 placenta samples, Py-GC-MS revealed that microplastics were present in all participants\u2019 placentae, with concentrations ranging widely from 6.5 to 685\u2009\u00b5g NMPs per gram of placental tissue, averaging 126.8\u2009\u00b1\u2009147.5\u2009\u00b5g\/g (mean\u00b1SD). Polyethylene was the most prevalent polymer, accounting for 54% of total NMPs and consistently found in nearly all samples (mean 68.8\u2009\u00b1\u200993.2\u2009\u00b5g\/g placenta). Polyvinyl chloride and nylon each represented approximately 10% of the NMPs by weight, with the remaining 26% of the composition represented by 9 other polymers. Together, these data demonstrate advancements in the unbiased quantitative resolution of Py-GC-MS applied to the identification and quantification of NMP species at the maternal-fetal interface. This method, paired with clinical metadata, will be pivotal to evaluating potential impacts of NMPs on adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T09:37:10Z","timestamp":1707989830000},"page":"81-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":316,"title":["Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Marcus A","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Nihart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane","family":"El Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5083-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseo","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico R","family":"Barrozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Suter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Bleske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Forsythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gonzalez-Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjersti M","family":"Aagaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Campen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042916133159800_kfae021-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120174","article-title":"Placental plastics in young women from general population correlate with reduced foetal growth in IUGR pregnancies","volume":"314","author":"Amereh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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