{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:14:10Z","timestamp":1792174450931,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35ES032876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35ES032876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES016893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES016893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES030283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES030283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES011564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES011564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#18272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#18272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an established human lung carcinogen, but the carcinogenesis mechanism is poorly understood. Chromosome instability, a hallmark of lung cancer, is considered a major driver of Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer. Unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks are the underlying cause, and homologous recombination repair is the primary mechanism preventing Cr(VI)-induced DNA breaks from causing chromosome instability. Cell culture studies show acute Cr(VI) exposure causes DNA double-strand breaks and increases homologous recombination repair activity. However, the ability of Cr(VI)-induced DNA breaks and repair impact has only been reported in cell culture studies. Therefore, we investigated whether acute Cr(VI) exposure could induce breaks and homologous recombination repair in rat lungs. Male and female Wistar rats were acutely exposed to either zinc chromate particles in a saline solution or saline alone by oropharyngeal aspiration. This exposure route resulted in increased Cr levels in each lobe of the lung. We found Cr(VI) induced DNA double-strand breaks in a concentration-dependent manner, with females being more susceptible than males, and induced homologous recombination repair at similar levels in both sexes. Thus, these data show this driving mechanism discovered in cell culture indeed translates to lung tissue in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1718274356000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Acute particulate hexavalent chromium exposure induces DNA double-strand breaks and activates homologous recombination repair in rat lung tissue"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Speer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayler J","family":"Croom-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idoia","family":"Meaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John Pierce","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Calvin","family":"Kouokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7865-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Young Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6795-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cairong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Mehdi","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Sr","given":"John Pierce","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Health of workmen in the chromate-producing industry in Britain","volume":"38","author":"Alderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B2","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for chromium","author":"ATSDR","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1132","article-title":"Occurrences, uses, and properties of chromium","volume":"26","author":"Barnhart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.11.018","article-title":"Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium","volume":"235","author":"Beaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900715","article-title":"Lung inflammation, injury, and proliferative response after repetitive particulate hexavalent chromium exposure","volume":"117","author":"Beaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2006.09.008","article-title":"Women and lung cancer: epidemiology, tumor biology, and emerging trends in clinical research","volume":"55","author":"Belani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw103","article-title":"Prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses homologous recombination repair in human lung cells","volume":"153","author":"Browning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.02.001","article-title":"Homologous recombination is involved in repair of chromium-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells","volume":"599","author":"Bryant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu207","article-title":"DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) are targeted to euchromatin and cause ATR-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX and its ubiquitination","volume":"143","author":"DeLoughery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B10","author":"EPA","year":"1984"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B11","author":"EPA","year":"1990"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B12","volume-title":"Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (final)","author":"EPA","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20283","article-title":"Surfactant protein b gene variations and susceptibility to lung cancer in chromate workers","volume":"49","author":"Ewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.1075","article-title":"Occupational cancer genetics: infrequent ras oncogenes point mutations in lung cancer samples from chromate workers","volume":"40","author":"Ewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.024","article-title":"H2ax: the histone guardian of the genome","volume":"3","author":"Fernandez-Capetillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"DNA Repair (Amst)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh242","article-title":"Generation of s phase-dependent DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) exposure: involvement of atm in Cr(VI) induction of gamma-H2AX","volume":"25","author":"Ha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0684-x","article-title":"Evaluating chromosomal damage in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium and the modulating role of polymorphisms of DNA repair genes","volume":"85","author":"Halasova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B18","first-page":"658","article-title":"Chromosomal damage and polymorphisms of DNA repair genes XRCC1 and XRCC3 in workers exposed to chromium","volume":"29","author":"Halasova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/8.4.365","article-title":"Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: a prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Hayes","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chromium, nickel and welding","volume":"49","author":"IARC","year":"1990","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcin Risks Humans"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.268","article-title":"Characteristics of chromate workers\u2019 cancers, chromium lung deposition and precancerous bronchial lesions: an autopsy study","volume":"70","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B22","first-page":"2342","article-title":"Hot spots\u201d of chromium accumulation at bifurcations of chromate workers\u2019 bronchi","volume":"54","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110107","article-title":"Chromium content of organs of chromate workers with lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Kishi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7425","article-title":"Mutations of the p53 gene in human lung cancer from chromate-exposed workers","volume":"239","author":"Kondo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11818","article-title":"Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers","volume":"98","author":"Kondo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B26","first-page":"62","article-title":"A cohort study of bronchial carcinomas in workers producing chromate pigments","volume":"32","author":"Lang\u00e5rd","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B27","first-page":"71","article-title":"Occurrence of lung cancer in workers producing chromium pigments","volume":"40","author":"Lang\u00e5rd","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B28","first-page":"243","article-title":"Investigation of the potential carcinogenicity of a range of chromium containing materials on rat lung","volume":"43","author":"Levy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.1","article-title":"Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B30","first-page":"337","article-title":"Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles","volume":"37","author":"Lippmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500400022200","article-title":"Chromosome aberration and lipid peroxidation in chromium-exposed workers","volume":"9","author":"Maeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"issue":"45","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205566","article-title":"Chromosome instability in human lung cancers: Possible underlying mechanisms and potential consequences in the pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Masuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B33","author":"NIOSH","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1988.1.289","article-title":"Lung clearance of inhaled insoluble and soluble particles","volume":"1","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B35","first-page":"10099","author":"OSHA","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu175","article-title":"Homologous recombination repair signaling in chemical carcinogenesis: prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses the rad51 response in human lung cells","volume":"142","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl1069","article-title":"Ascorbate acts as a highly potent inducer of chromate mutagenesis and clastogenesis: linkage to DNA breaks in g2 phase by mismatch repair","volume":"35","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B38","volume-title":"Guidance for industry: estimating the maximum safe starting dose in adult healthy volunteer","author":"Rockville","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.146.5.905","article-title":"Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo","volume":"146","author":"Rogakou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.77.061306.125255","article-title":"Mechanism of eukaryotic homologous recombination","volume":"77","author":"San Filippo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0486:QDOIID]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Quantitative detection of (125)IdU-induced DNA double-strand breaks with gamma-H2AX antibody","volume":"158","author":"Sedelnikova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2007.06.003","article-title":"Homologous recombination repair protects against particulate chromate-induced chromosome instability in Chinese hamster cells","volume":"625","author":"Stackpole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1203-z","article-title":"The combined effects of iron excess in the diet and chromium(III) supplementation on the iron and chromium status in female rats","volume":"184","author":"Staniek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.10.001","article-title":"Microscopic analysis of the chromium content in the chromium-induced malignant and premalignant bronchial lesions of the rat","volume":"99","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.35.4.294","article-title":"Chromium content of lungs of chromate workers with lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Tsuneta","year":"1980","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/35056049","article-title":"Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection","volume":"2","author":"van Gent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.006","article-title":"The ATM-SMC1 pathway is essential for activation of the chromium[VI]-induced s-phase checkpoint","volume":"554","author":"Wakeman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac023","article-title":"Chronic hexavalent chromium exposure upregulates the RNA methyltransferase METTL3 expression to promote cell transformation, cancer stem cell-like property, and tumorigenesis","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00071-2","article-title":"The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human lung cells","volume":"517","author":"Wise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0531","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium-induced chromosome instability drives permanent and heritable numerical and structural changes and a DNA repair-deficient phenotype","volume":"78","author":"Wise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.02.015","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium induces chromosome instability in human urothelial cells","volume":"296","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.005","article-title":"Particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung epithelial cells","volume":"610","author":"Wise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116294","article-title":"Chromium distribution in an oropharyngeal aspiration model for hexavalent chromium in rats","volume":"457","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10203","article-title":"Barium chromate is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells","volume":"42","author":"Wise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0058OC","article-title":"Neoplastic transformation of human bronchial cells by lead chromate particles","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.10.010","article-title":"Zinc chromate induces chromosome instability and DNA double strand breaks in human lung cells","volume":"234","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.06.002","article-title":"Carcinogenic lead chromate induces DNA double-strand breaks in human lung cells","volume":"586","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2024082707514542200_kfae076-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.09.012","article-title":"Tumorigenic response in lung tumor susceptible A\/J mice after sub-chronic exposure to calcium chromate or iron (III) oxide","volume":"334","author":"Zeidler-Erdely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae076\/58325706\/kfae076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/201\/1\/1\/58912230\/kfae076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/201\/1\/1\/58912230\/kfae076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T10:25:02Z","timestamp":1724754302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/201\/1\/1\/7691995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6080","1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6080","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]}}}