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Animal studies support a link between developmental dieldrin exposure and increased neuronal susceptibility in the \u03b1-synuclein preformed fibril and MPTP models in adult male C57BL\/6 mice. In a previous study, we showed that developmental dieldrin exposure was associated with sex-specific changes in DNA modifications within genes related to dopaminergic neuron development and maintenance at 12\u2009wk of age. Here, we used capture hybridization-sequencing with custom baits to interrogate DNA modifications across the entire genetic loci of the previously identified genes at multiple time points\u2014birth, 6, 12, and 36\u2009wk old. We identified largely sex-specific dieldrin-induced changes in DNA modifications at each time point that annotated to pathways important for neurodevelopment, potentially related to critical steps in early neurodevelopment, dopaminergic neuron differentiation, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and glial\u2013neuron interactions. Despite large numbers of age-specific DNA modifications, longitudinal analysis identified a small number of differential modification of cytosines with dieldrin-induced deflection of epigenetic aging. The sex-specificity of these results adds to evidence that sex-specific responses to PD-related exposures may underly sex-specific differences in disease. Overall, these data support the idea that developmental dieldrin exposure leads to changes in epigenetic patterns that persist after the exposure period and disrupt critical neurodevelopmental pathways, thereby impacting risk of late-life diseases, including PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T01:18:23Z","timestamp":1720747103000},"page":"263-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Developmental origins of Parkinson\u2019s disease risk: perinatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin leads to sex-specific DNA modifications in critical neurodevelopmental pathways in the mouse midbrain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8472-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Kochmanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6094-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahek","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ 08854,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan C","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1039-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sierra L","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelyn","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Core, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Core, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5589-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison I","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Grand Rapids, MI 49503,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ 08854,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ 08854,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024092607513026300_kfae091-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00380-6","article-title":"Sex differences in dopaminergic vulnerability to environmental toxicants \u2013 implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Adamson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"2024092607513026300_kfae091-B2","volume-title":"Toxicological 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