{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:07:33Z","timestamp":1777284453834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"name":"Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank","award":["2021-41480-35271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-41480-35271"]}]},{"name":"Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank","award":["2022-41480-38137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-41480-38137"]}]},{"name":"Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank","award":["2023-41480-41035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-41480-41035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Flunixin meglumine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Banamine Transdermal is a pour-on formulation of flunixin approved for pain control in beef and dairy cattle, but not for calves and some classes of dairy cattle or swine. Violative flunixin residues in edible tissues in cattle and swine have been reported and are usually attributed to non-compliant drug use or failure to observe an appropriate withdrawal time. This project aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for flunixin in cattle and swine to predict withdrawal intervals (WDI) after exposures to different therapeutic regimens of Banamine Transdermal. Due to the lack of comprehensive skin physiological data in cattle, the model was initially developed for swine and then adapted for cattle. Monte Carlo simulation was employed for population variability analysis. The model predicted WDIs were rounded to 1 and 2\u2009d for liver and muscle in cattle, respectively, under FDA tolerance levels, while under EU maximum residue limits, the WDIs were rounded to 1, 3, 2, and 2\u2009d for liver, kidney, muscle, and fat, respectively, following a labeled single transdermal 3.3\u2009mg\/kg dose in cattle. The model was converted into a user-friendly interactive PBPK (iPBPK) interface. This study reports the first transdermal absorption model for drugs in cattle. This iPBPK model provides a scientifically based tool for the prediction of WDIs in cattle and swine administered with flunixin in an extra-label manner, especially by the transdermal route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T15:55:32Z","timestamp":1730303732000},"page":"181-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for flunixin in cattle and swine following dermal exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611,","place":["United 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Gainesville, FL 32611,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona P","family":"Maunsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32608,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis , Davis, CA 95616,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald E","family":"Baynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27606,","place":["United 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Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27606,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"1Data Consortium, Kansas State University , Olathe, KS 66061,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhoumeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611,","place":["United 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