{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:45:12Z","timestamp":1791899112902,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Critical Path Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"FDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"HHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022416","name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U18FD005320-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U18FD005320-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006727","name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Critical Path Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum activities of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) are considered the \u201cgold standard\u201d biomarkers of hepatocyte injury in clinical practice and drug development. However, due to the expression of ALT and AST in myocytes, the diagnosis of hepatocellular injury in patients with underlying muscle diseases, including drug-induced muscle injury, is severely limited. Thus, we proposed glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) as a liver-specific alternative to serum ALT and AST. In fact, our exploratory studies showed that GLDH has comparable performance to ALT for detecting hepatocyte injury without interference from concomitant muscle injury. Here, we report the results of studies confirming the reference intervals in a healthy human population and the sensitivity and specificity of GLDH for the detection of hepatocyte injury in human subjects. In human subjects, we could not perform liver biopsies due to ethical reasons; we also confirmed the relationship of GLDH and histopathologic lesions using 32 model toxicants in rats. Furthermore, we have shown that injury to tissues that are known to express appreciable levels of GLDH does not affect serum GLDH measurements, indicating excellent liver specificity of serum GLDH. Finally, we observed faster elimination of GLDH than ALT in humans, indicating that decreasing GLDH values could be considered an early sign of recovery. This study provides comprehensive evidence of excellent sensitivity and liver specificity of GLDH for diagnosis of hepatocellular injury, including evaluation of reference intervals, which is essential for the interpretation of serum GLDH in human subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T23:21:41Z","timestamp":1730762501000},"page":"171-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Serum glutamate dehydrogenase activity enables sensitive and specific diagnosis of hepatocellular injury in humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Aubrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington, DC 20007,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nonclinical Statistics, Pfizer R&D , Cambridge, MA 02139,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Michael","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Safety Testing Consortium , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Critical Path Institute , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roscoe","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0401-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell R","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1582-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Peron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Safety Testing Consortium , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Critical Path Institute , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas M P","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Safety Testing Consortium , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Critical Path Institute , PSTC, , Tucson, AZ 85718,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.58","article-title":"Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury","volume":"89","author":"Aithal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-013-0049-0","article-title":"Development of blood biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury: an evaluation of their potential for risk assessment and diagnostics","volume":"17","author":"Amacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TX50077B","article-title":"Safety biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury\u2014current status and future perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Antoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350050018012","article-title":"Serum and muscle alanine aminotransferase activities in marathon runners","volume":"252","author":"Apple","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/gm489","article-title":"Emerging hepatotoxicity biomarkers and their potential to improve understanding and management of drug-induced liver injury","volume":"5","author":"Aubrecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs243","article-title":"A performance evaluation of three drug-induced liver injury biomarkers in the rat: alpha-glutathione S-transferase, arginase I, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase","volume":"130","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2000.00456.x","article-title":"Elevated aminotransferase as a presenting finding in a patient with occult muscle disease","volume":"36","author":"Begum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B8","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Methods of enzymatic analysis","author":"Bergmeyer","year":"1983","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130112","article-title":"Separation of periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting: confirmation with colloidal gold as an exogenous marker","volume":"13","author":"Braakman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.315","article-title":"Common reference intervals for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and \u03b3-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in serum: results from an IFCC multicenter study","volume":"48","author":"Ceriotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9120(89)80032-3","article-title":"A new colorimetric assay for purine nucleoside phosphorylase","volume":"22","author":"Chu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29802","article-title":"Candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of drug-induced liver injury: an international collaborative effort","volume":"69","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240562","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase as a biomarker for mitotoxicity; insights from furosemide hepatotoxicity in the mouse","volume":"15","author":"Church","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel009","article-title":"Serum alanine aminotransferase elevations correlate with serum creatine phosphokinase levels in myositis","volume":"45","author":"Edge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural, functional, and clinical aspects of gamma-glutamyltransferase","volume":"12","author":"Goldberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.03.015","article-title":"Liver biomarker and in vitro assessment confirm the hepatic origin of aminotransferase elevations lacking histopathological correlate in beagle dogs treated with GABAA receptor antagonist NP260","volume":"277","author":"Harrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.40","article-title":"The effects of heparins on the liver: application of mechanistic serum biomarkers in a randomized study in healthy volunteers","volume":"92","author":"Harrill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103055","article-title":"Transaminase activity in human blood","volume":"34","author":"Karmen","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.562","article-title":"Standard liver tests: standard liver tests","volume":"8","author":"Kasarala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754098","volume-title":"Quantile regression","author":"Koenker","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e919289","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.919289","article-title":"The microRNA-based liquid biopsy improves early assessment of lethal acetaminophen poisoning: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Krauskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v9i3.2350","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase applicability in clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Kravos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn010","article-title":"Kinetics and isoforms of serum glutamate dehydrogenase in alcoholics","volume":"43","author":"Kravos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp070","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase as a marker of alcohol dependence","volume":"45","author":"Kravos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00291","article-title":"Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion syndrome after partial liver resection (LR): hepatic venous oxygen saturation, enzyme pattern, reduced and oxidized glutathione, procalcitonin and interleukin-6","volume":"54","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(95)80006-y","article-title":"Paraoxonase protects against chlorpyrifos toxicity in mice","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfab003","article-title":"Evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of promising circulating biomarkers to diagnose liver injury in humans","volume":"181","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20353","article-title":"Molecular basis of human glutamate dehydrogenase regulation under changing energy demands","volume":"79","author":"Mastorodemos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000038","article-title":"Serum transaminases are frequently elevated at time of diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and normalize with creatine kinase","volume":"20","author":"Mathur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biomarkers of mitotoxicity after acute liver injury: further insights into the interpretation of glutamate dehydrogenase","volume":"7","author":"McGill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59755","article-title":"The mechanism underlying acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in humans and mice involves mitochondrial damage and nuclear DNA fragmentation","volume":"122","author":"McGill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27265","article-title":"Serum mitochondrial biomarkers and damage-associated molecular patterns are higher in acetaminophen overdose patients with poor outcome","volume":"60","author":"McGill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20548","article-title":"Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases","volume":"41","author":"Nathwani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03001.x","article-title":"Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men","volume":"65","author":"Pettersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01969.x","article-title":"The influence of diet upon liver function tests and serum lipids in healthy male volunteers resident in a phase I unit: effect of diet upon liver function tests and serum lipids","volume":"57","author":"Purkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B38","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12834","article-title":"The value of serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpetidase as biomarkers in hepatotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Robles-Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808314365","article-title":"Fidelity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in differentiating skeletal muscle from liver damage","volume":"23","author":"Rosales","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1571","article-title":"Next-generation Dili biomarkers: prioritization of biomarkers for qualification and best practices for biospecimen collection in drug development","volume":"107","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288502400906","article-title":"Persistent hypertransaminasemia as the presenting finding of childhood muscle disease","volume":"24","author":"Rutledge","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(67)90067-8","article-title":"Isoenzymes of malic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in serum in diseases of the liver","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(88)90356-7","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase: biochemical and clinical aspects of an interesting enzyme","volume":"173","author":"Schmidt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229753","article-title":"Serum glutamate dehydrogenase activity enables early detection of liver injury in subjects with underlying muscle impairments","volume":"15","author":"Schomaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft009","article-title":"Assessment of emerging biomarkers of liver injury in human subjects","volume":"132","author":"Schomaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.052","article-title":"SAFETY study: alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease","volume":"138","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020707","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2022.020707","article-title":"Establishment of gender- and age-specific reference intervals for serum liver function tests among the elderly population in northeast China: a retrospective study","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12322","article-title":"Keratin-18 and microRNA-122 complement alanine aminotransferase as novel safety biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury in two human cohorts","volume":"34","author":"Thulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.12.026","article-title":"The ALT upper reference interval debate: blame it on the alcohol","volume":"526","author":"Vera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2021-0222","article-title":"Safety and disease monitoring biomarkers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: results from a phase II trial","volume":"15","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"2025012908511209700_kfae143-B53","first-page":"3187","article-title":"The influence of diet upon liver function indices of healthy volunteers resident in a Phase I clinical trail","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae143\/60951536\/kfae143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/203\/2\/171\/60951536\/kfae143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/203\/2\/171\/60951536\/kfae143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T03:51:57Z","timestamp":1738122717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/203\/2\/171\/7879356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6080","1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6080","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]}}}