{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T15:02:06Z","timestamp":1771772526095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor air, and there is an increasing need to effectively screen this diverse class of chemicals for inhalation toxicity potential. Because PFAS have strong surface-active properties, we hypothesized they may interfere with lung surfactant (LS) activity. We investigated the ability of 17 PFAS delivered as liquid aerosols to inhibit LS function in a newly developed constrained drop surfactometer. Using both fluorescent tracers and mass spectrometry techniques, deposition of PFAS aerosols onto exposed LS was determined. Nine of the 17 PFAS increased surface tension (ST) above the inhibition threshold, defined as mean minimum post-exposure ST above 10\u2009mN\/m. Inhibitory compounds included legacy PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [PFOS]), emerging compounds (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid), perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, and perfluorooctane-sulfonamides and -sulfonamidoethanols. These compounds represent a wide range of molecular weights and functional head groups (carboxylic and sulfonic acids, sulfonamides, and siloxane). Among these compounds, the lowest modeled inhibitory doses were for N-methyl-perfluorooctane-sulfonamidoethanol (0.34\u2009ppm) and N-ethyl-perfluorooctane-sulfonamidoethanol (0.14\u2009ppm). Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS required to inhibit LS were significantly lower when aerosolized than when directly mixed with LS, demonstrating the importance of interactions with surfactant at the air\u2013liquid interface. Our results show that a combination of size, functional groups, and hydrophobicity influence the ability of PFAS to inhibit LS function. Under high exposure conditions, inhaled PFAS may initiate an adverse outcome pathway through surfactant inhibition, which may ultimately produce a reduction of lung function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T12:53:18Z","timestamp":1764075198000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel constrained drop surfactometer demonstrates inhibition of lung surfactant function by PFAS aerosols in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9723-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan M","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D","family":"Heyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica R","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5453-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorid B","family":"S\u00f8rli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen, DK-2100,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marci G","family":"Smeltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4895-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E","family":"Monsees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q Todd","family":"Krantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Earl T","family":"Puckett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen H","family":"Gavett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176941","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: evidence and future directions","volume":"955","author":"Bharal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103708","article-title":"Lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions in the pulmonary surfactant system and their role in lung homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Ca\u00f1adas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00536-y","article-title":"Occupational exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: a scope review of the literature from 1980-2021","volume":"33","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08559","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal effects of maternal oral exposure to perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) during pregnancy and early lactation in the sprague-dawley rat","volume":"58","author":"Conley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2021.05.002","article-title":"In vitro prediction of clinical signs of respiratory toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure","volume":"2","author":"Da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2021.05.005","article-title":"An adverse outcome pathway for lung surfactant function inhibition leading to decreased lung function","volume":"2","author":"Da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00258","article-title":"Online iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry (I-CIMS) enables occupational inhalation exposure assessment of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) emitted to air during floor waxing","volume":"12","author":"Davern","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4935","article-title":"PFAS exposure pathways for humans and wildlife: a synthesis of current knowledge and key gaps in understanding","volume":"40","author":"De Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8539","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108539","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) affect inflammation in lung cells and tissues","volume":"24","author":"Dragon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18870","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05286","article-title":"Partitioning of neutral PFAS in homes and release to the outdoor environment: results from the IPA campaign","volume":"58","author":"Eichler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15882","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c05896","article-title":"Adverse biophysical impact of e-cigarette flavors on pulmonary surfactant","volume":"57","author":"Goros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153546","article-title":"Correlation between inhibition of lung surfactant function in vitro and rapid reduction in tidal volume following exposure to plant protection products in mice","volume":"492","author":"Hougaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16316","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05707","article-title":"Silicone wristbands as a personal passive sampler to evaluate indoor exposure to volatile and non-volatile PFASs","volume":"58","author":"Hoxie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1516","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1059","article-title":"Pubchem 2025 update","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu098","article-title":"Mechanism of action of lung damage caused by a nanofilm spray product","volume":"140","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14182","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03387","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the air particles of Asia: levels, seasonality, and size-dependent distribution","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129025","article-title":"Fluorine mass balance analysis and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere","volume":"435","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2022.100101","article-title":"Lung surfactant as a biophysical assay for inhalation toxicology","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac096","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid disrupts protective tight junction proteins via protein kinase D in airway epithelial cells","volume":"190","author":"Lucas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23454","article-title":"Occupational exposure and serum levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a review","volume":"66","author":"Lucas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06017","article-title":"Identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Cape Fear River by high resolution mass spectrometry and nontargeted screening","volume":"53","author":"McCord","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B22","first-page":"573","article-title":"Health impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Mi\u0161\u013eanov\u00e1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00481","article-title":"The air that we breathe: neutral and volatile PFAS in indoor air","volume":"8","author":"Morales-McDevitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft225","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity of perfluorinated silane-based nanofilm spray products: solvent dependency","volume":"137","author":"N\u00f8rgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq094","article-title":"Lung damage in mice after inhalation of nanofilm spray products: the role of perfluorination and free hydroxyl groups","volume":"116","author":"N\u00f8rgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23461","article-title":"Occupational exposures to airborne per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-a review","volume":"66","author":"Paris-Davila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2014.09.002","article-title":"Composition, structure and mechanical properties define performance of pulmonary surfactant membranes and films","volume":"185","author":"Parra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13209","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00146","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant: a mighty thin film","volume":"123","author":"Possmayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323697","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl\/polyfluoroalkyl substances: Links to cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"134","author":"Schlezinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B30","first-page":"492","article-title":"The effect of surfactants and film-forming polymers on pulmonary surfactant function measured in vitro is dose rate-dependent","volume":"42","author":"Sengupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1021\/es102769t","article-title":"Environmental fate and transport modeling for perfluorooctanoic acid emitted from the Washington works facility in West Virginia","volume":"45","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7999","DOI":"10.1021\/es103562v","article-title":"Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Vancouver, Canada: implications for human exposure","volume":"45","author":"Shoeib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115424","article-title":"Short-chain per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in human liver, kidney, muscle, and microglia cell lines","volume":"223","author":"Solan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423449","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1423449","article-title":"Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) effects on lung health: a perspective on the current literature and future recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Solan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0294MA","article-title":"A proposed in vitro method to assess effects of inhaled particles on lung surfactant function","volume":"54","author":"S\u00f8rli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B36","first-page":"101","article-title":"An in vitro method for predicting inhalation toxicity of impregnation spray products","volume":"32","author":"S\u00f8rli","year":"2015","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1705181","article-title":"Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using in vitro lung surfactant inhibition","volume":"35","author":"S\u00f8rli","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.104656","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) modify lung surfactant function and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"62","author":"S\u00f8rli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112999","article-title":"Risk assessment of consumer spray products using in vitro lung surfactant function inhibition, exposure modelling and chemical analysis","volume":"164","author":"S\u00f8rli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500100b","article-title":"Increasing hydrophobicity of nanoparticles intensifies lung surfactant film inhibition and particle retention","volume":"2","author":"Valle","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem Eng"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01181","article-title":"Biophysical influence of airborne carbon nanomaterials on natural pulmonary surfactant","volume":"9","author":"Valle","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102244","article-title":"Interactions of particulate matter and pulmonary surfactant: implications for human health","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-017-0247-6","article-title":"The comptox chemistry dashboard: a community data resource for environmental chemistry","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cheminform"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.010","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in indoor air sampled in children\u2019s bedrooms","volume":"222","author":"Winkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.02.003","article-title":"Effect of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate and octanesulfonate on the phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers","volume":"1768","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140547","article-title":"Molecular dynamics exploring of atmosphere components interacting with lung surfactant phospholipid bilayers","volume":"743","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2011.03.006","article-title":"Comparative study of clinical pulmonary surfactants using atomic force microscopy","volume":"1808","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00497A","article-title":"PFOS dominates PFAS composition in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected across North Carolina nearly 20 years after the end of its US production","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121175","article-title":"Exposure-effect of PFOS and PFOA on lung function: an integrated approach with epidemiological, cellular, and animal studies","volume":"272","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026022209370463000_kfaf156-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2004.08.003","article-title":"Further development of axisymmetric drop shape analysis-captive bubble for pulmonary surfactant related studies","volume":"1675","author":"Zuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf156\/65500976\/kfaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/2\/kfaf156\/65500976\/kfaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/2\/kfaf156\/65500976\/kfaf156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T14:37:14Z","timestamp":1771771034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf156\/8342526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6080","1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6080","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"article-number":"kfaf156"}}