{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:56:19Z","timestamp":1790942179652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wildfire smoke (WFS) exposures are becoming more common, and firefighters and community members are often exposed to WFS for days to weeks. Controlled studies assessing the effects of repeated exposure to WFS and woodsmoke (WS; as a surrogate for WFS) or compared acute versus repeated exposure have evaluated a limited number of timepoints and endpoints using rodent models. Here, we leveraged differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to test the hypothesis that different molecular responses occur upon acute versus repeat exposures to WS. HBECs (n\u2009=\u20094 donors) were exposed to 22\u2009\u00b5g\/cm2 red oak WS condensate for an acute, 4-h exposure, or repeat exposures of 4\u2009h\/d, 3\u2009d\/wk, across 2\u2009wk. Membrane permeability, cell viability, and transcriptional responses were measured at the end of each exposure paradigm, and secreted proteins were measured throughout the repeat exposure. Acute exposure significantly increased expression of genes involved in fibrosis and immune response, whereas repeated exposure significantly decreased expression of genes involved in tissue repair and remodeling. Secreted protein responses were similar to transcriptomic responses and demonstrated temporal variation in response to exposure. This study supports the feasibility of using HBECs to evaluate acute and repeat WS exposures and indicates differential responses from these exposures with direct relevance to pulmonary disease processes, including those involved in fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These findings highlight the need for future studies to better understand molecular responses to repeated smoke exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1774088719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal variation in markers of immune signaling and wound repair in primary human airway epithelial cells following acute versus repeated woodsmoke condensate exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Hickman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8037-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe K","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2914-2002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cole","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1492-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Chappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7527-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Corteselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia E","family":"Rager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041578","article-title":"Pulmonary health effects of indoor volatile organic compounds \u2013 a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Alford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.032458","article-title":"Experimental exposure to wood smoke: effects on airway inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"65","author":"Barregard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10304","article-title":"Impact of Canadian wildfire-emitted particulate matter on THP-1 lung macrophage health and function","volume":"59","author":"Bazina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.022","article-title":"Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue","volume":"55","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/61210","article-title":"An air-liquid interface bronchial epithelial model for realistic, repeated inhalation exposure to airborne particles for toxicity testing","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L479","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00362.2021","article-title":"Woodsmoke particle exposure prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection alters antiviral response gene expression in human nasal epithelial cells in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"322","author":"Brocke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2024.2354398","article-title":"A mouse model of wildfire smoke-induced health effects: sex differences in acute and sustained effects of inhalation exposures","volume":"36","author":"Buford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.02.006","article-title":"The glutathione-s-transferase mu-1 null genotype increases wood smoke-induced airway inflammation","volume":"143","author":"Burbank","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220144","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0144-2022","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin pathways for novel pulmonary therapeutics in asthma and COPD","volume":"32","author":"Calderon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00394-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0692-9","article-title":"The hedgehog and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin system machinery mediate myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs in pulmonary fibrogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819968-8.00001-9","volume-title":"Environmental epigenetics in toxicology and public health","author":"Clark","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae040","article-title":"Repeated exposure to eucalyptus wood smoke alters pulmonary gene and metabolic profiles in male long-evans rats","volume":"199","author":"Cochran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200777","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00777-2022","article-title":"Air pollutants, genetic susceptibility and risk of incident idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"61","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02861-6","article-title":"nELISA: a high-throughput, high-plex platform enables quantitative profiling of the inflammatory secretome","volume":"22","author":"Dagher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104327","article-title":"Acute and repeated exposures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells culture to particles from a coloured pyrotechnic smoke","volume":"105","author":"de Lagarde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.041376","article-title":"The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003","volume":"66","author":"Delfino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B19","first-page":"60","author":"Dillon","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123849","article-title":"CXCL10 modulates airway inflammation in asthma via Sirt3-dependent macrophage homeostasis","volume":"379","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti525","article-title":"BioMart and Bioconductor: a powerful link between biological databases and microarray data analysis","volume":"21","author":"Durinck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.97","article-title":"Mapping identifiers for the integration of genomic datasets with the R\/Bioconductor package biomaRT","volume":"4","author":"Durinck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202210-1881OC","article-title":"IL-33 expression is lower in current smokers at both transcriptomic and protein levels","volume":"208","author":"Faiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B24","volume-title":"Janitor: simple tools for examining and cleaning dirty data. R Package Version 2.2.1","author":"Firke","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B25","first-page":"183","article-title":"Well-differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures","volume":"107","author":"Fulcher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-125-7_8","article-title":"Human nasal and tracheo-bronchial respiratory epithelial cell culture","volume":"945","author":"Fulcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2011.065276","article-title":"Exposure to wood smoke particles produces inflammation in healthy volunteers","volume":"69","author":"Ghio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0377OC","article-title":"Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 moderates the proinflammatory status of macrophages","volume":"49","author":"Gill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785457","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785457","article-title":"Role of CXCL5 in regulating chemotaxis of innate and adaptive leukocytes in infected lungs upon pulmonary influenza infection","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00541-x","article-title":"Reduced bronchoalveolar macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxic effects after controlled short-term exposure to wood smoke in healthy humans","volume":"20","author":"Hansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.04.058","article-title":"Long-term wildfire smoke exposure and increased risk of heart failure in older adults","volume":"85","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1654046","article-title":"Smoldering and flaming biomass wood smoke inhibit respiratory responses in mice","volume":"31","author":"Hargrove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121153","article-title":"Wildfire and wood smoke effects on human airway epithelial cells: a scoping review","volume":"272","author":"Heibati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15139\/s3\/ypitye","author":"Hickman","year":"2026","edition":"V1 ed."},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027629","article-title":"Interleukin-19: a constituent of the regulome that controls antigen presenting cells in the lungs and airway responses to microbial products","volume":"6","author":"Hoffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.016","article-title":"Potentiation of IL-19 expression in airway epithelia by IL-17a and IL-4\/IL-13: important implications in asthma","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01035-w","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to aging and smoking","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B38","first-page":"2298","article-title":"Projected effects of climate and development on California wildfire emissions through 2100","volume":"48","author":"Hurteau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155878","article-title":"Repeated exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to particular matter increases allergen-induced cytokine release and permeability","volume":"154","author":"Janbazacyabar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B40","volume-title":"Rstatix: pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests. R Package Version 0.7.2","author":"Kassambara","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B41","volume-title":"Ggpubr: \u2018Ggplot2\u2019 based publication ready plots. R Package Version 0.6.1","author":"Kassambara","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B42","volume-title":"Factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R Package Version 1.0.7","author":"Kassambara","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164778","article-title":"Toxicity of fresh and aged anthropogenic smoke particles emitted from different burning conditions","volume":"892","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017011","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2200","article-title":"Mutagenicity and lung toxicity of smoldering vs. flaming emissions from various biomass fuels: implications for health effects from wildland fires","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B45","volume-title":"Pheatmap: pretty heatmaps. R Package Version 1.0.13","author":"Kolde","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00067-5","article-title":"Long-term exposure to wildfires and cancer incidence in Canada: a population-based observational cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Korsiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06043","article-title":"Wildfire variable toxicity: identifying biomass smoke exposure groupings through transcriptomic similarity scoring","volume":"56","author":"Koval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B48","volume-title":"Complexupset. R Package Version 1.3.6","author":"Krassowski","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2019.0025","article-title":"Particulate-matter related respiratory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Kyung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01563-1","article-title":"Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air pollution-induced non-malignant respiratory diseases","volume":"21","author":"L\u00e5g","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B51","volume-title":"Eulerr: area-proportional euler and venn diagrams with ellipses. R Package Version 7.0.2","author":"Larsson","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01076-z","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of in vitro multiculture systems uncovers the in vivo lineage trajectory and cell state in the human lung","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248","article-title":"Upset: visualization of intersecting sets","volume":"20","author":"Lex","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1469","article-title":"The effect of smoke inhalation on lung function and airway responsiveness in wildland fire fighters","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Mallek","year":"2021","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.pex-1672\/v1"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B57","author":"Mancarci","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00091.2021","article-title":"Validation of in vitro models for smoke exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"322","author":"Mastalerz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32544","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32544","article-title":"A new autosomal dominant eye and lung syndrome linked to mutations in TIMP3 gene","volume":"6","author":"Meunier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.756086","article-title":"Adverse effects of wood smoke PM(2.5) exposure on macrophage functions","volume":"25","author":"Migliaccio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819d128d","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms following wildfire smoke exposure: airway size as a susceptibility factor","volume":"20","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02870-5","article-title":"Chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed the role of TIPARP (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) in lung adenocarcinoma-induced angiogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Miura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B63","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Acute amelioration of inflammatory activity caused by endothelin-2 deficiency during acute lung injury","volume":"69","author":"Musthafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kobe J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kfaf150","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf150","article-title":"Exploratory analysis of the impact of sex on sputum proteomic response to inhaled wood smoke in humans","volume":"209","author":"Nalesnik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B65","author":"National Interagency Fire Center","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab117","article-title":"The Wildland Firefighter Exposure and Health Effect (WFFEHE) study: rationale, design, and methods of a repeated-measures study","volume":"66","author":"Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00207","article-title":"Differential in vitro lung cell toxicity of fresh and photochemically aged smoke aerosol emissions from simulated wildland fires of duff and surface fuels","volume":"2","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0357-0","article-title":"Profibrotic role of WNT10A via TGF-\u03b2 signaling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Oda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B69","volume-title":"Vegan: community ecology package. R Package Version 2.8-0","author":"Oksanen","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8030053","article-title":"Sustained effects on lung function in community members following exposure to hazardous PM(2.5) levels from wildfire smoke","volume":"8","author":"Orr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B71","volume-title":"Patchwork: the composer of plots. R Package Version 1.3.1","author":"Pedersen","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318265f653","article-title":"Inflammatory role of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in an experimental model of toxic smoke inhalation injury","volume":"41","author":"Perng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001437","article-title":"Experimental woodsmoke exposure during exercise and blood oxidative stress","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B74","author":"QIAGEN"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B75","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.5.0","author":"Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B76","author":"Ragerlab GitHub","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110662","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals subset-specific metabolic profiles underpinning the bronchial epithelial response to flagellin","volume":"27","author":"Ramirez-Moral","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00650-6","article-title":"IL-24 deficiency protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by repressing IL-4-induced M2 program in macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001143","article-title":"Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium identifies target cells, alterations in gene expression, and cell state changes","volume":"19","author":"Ravindra","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1287OC","article-title":"Wood smoke exposure alters human inflammatory responses to viral infection in a sex-specific manner. a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"199","author":"Rebuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277","article-title":"Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure","volume":"124","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2021.100296","article-title":"Smouldering wildfires in peatlands, forests and the arctic: challenges and perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Rein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sci Health"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1071\/WF15034","article-title":"Wildfire smoke and public health risk","volume":"24","author":"Reisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21235","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04153","article-title":"Wildfires increase concentrations of hazardous air pollutants in downwind communities","volume":"57","author":"Rice","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2931","article-title":"Normalization of RNA-seq data using factor analysis of control genes or samples","volume":"32","author":"Risso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2024.11.006","article-title":"Wildfire smoke and health impacts: a narrative review","volume":"101","author":"Rizzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00236","article-title":"Shifting the conversation on wildland fire smoke exposures: more smoke within and across years requires a new approach to inform public health action","volume":"2","author":"Sacks","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B88","volume-title":"openxlsx: read, write and edit xlsx files. R Package Version 4.2.8","author":"Schauberger","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00486","article-title":"Air quality impacts of the January 2025 Los Angeles wildfires: insights from public data sources","volume":"12","author":"Schollaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00375-x","article-title":"Controlled human exposures to wood smoke: a synthesis of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B91","first-page":"916","article-title":"CYP1B1 expression in human lung","volume":"29","author":"Spivack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0201OC","article-title":"Source of biomass cooking fuel determines pulmonary response to household air pollution","volume":"50","author":"Sussan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B93","author":"United States Forest Service","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060277","article-title":"Establishment of repeated in vitro exposure system for evaluating pulmonary toxicity of representative criteria air pollutants using advanced bronchial mucosa models","volume":"10","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02686-5","article-title":"Assessment of wood smoke induced pulmonary toxicity in normal- and chronic bronchitis-like bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models at air\u2013liquid interface","volume":"25","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120395","article-title":"Wildfire-relevant woodsmoke and extracellular vesicles (EVS): alterations in EV proteomic signatures involved in extracellular matrix degradation and tissue injury in airway organotypic models","volume":"264","author":"Vitucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102899","article-title":"Exposure to outdoor air pollution, wildfires, and cancer survival in the United States","volume":"98","author":"VoPham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115645","article-title":"Wood smoke particle exposure in mice reduces the severity of influenza infection","volume":"426","author":"Vose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6755407","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6755407","article-title":"Interleukin-19 aggravates pulmonary fibrosis via activating fibroblast through TGF-\u03b2\/smad pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005973","article-title":"GSimp: a Gibbs sampler based left-censored missing value imputation approach for metabolomics studies","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.01.013","article-title":"Impacts of a large boreal wildfire on ground level atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, VOCs and ozone","volume":"178","author":"Wentworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos Environ (1994)"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128834","article-title":"Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity","volume":"313","author":"Westerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.07.034","article-title":"Exposure to ambient particulate matter is associated with accelerated functional decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"153","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-025-00967-4","article-title":"Association of fine particulate matter constituents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the effect modification of genetic susceptibility","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Clim Atmos Sci"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062124","article-title":"New approach methods to evaluate health risks of air pollutants: critical design considerations for in vitro exposure testing","volume":"17","author":"Zavala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921815117","article-title":"TiPARP forms nuclear condensates to degrade HIF-1\u03b1 and suppress tumorigenesis","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09482-1","article-title":"Long-range PM2.5 pollution and health impacts from the 2023 Canadian wildfires","volume":"645","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-025-01533-9","article-title":"Respiratory risks from wildfire-specific PM2.5 across multiple countries and territories","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04782-4","article-title":"Role of IL-33-ST2 pathway in regulating inflammation: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026100207212731300_kfag035-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.120759","article-title":"Toxicological effects of long-term continuous exposure to ambient air on human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells exposed at the air-liquid interface","volume":"269","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag035\/67458094\/kfag035.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/4\/kfag035\/67458094\/kfag035.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/4\/kfag035\/67458094\/kfag035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:21:58Z","timestamp":1790940118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag035\/8533588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"article-number":"kfag035"}}