{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:13:18Z","timestamp":1788988398714,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42 ES027704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42 ES027704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES029067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES029067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous inhaled pollutants. This review showcases current literature utilizing in vitro models of the human respiratory system to characterize the toxicity of VOCs. To map the existing evidence base, we conducted a scoping review following systematic search and screening procedures. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PubMed, and CENTRAL identified 3,052 records. After screening, 144 original studies evaluating VOC exposures in human lung epithelial models met inclusion criteria. Overall, the current literature reflects substantial heterogeneity in cell models, exposure systems, and endpoints. Among 105 unique VOCs evaluated, acrolein, formaldehyde, toluene diisocyanate, and benzene were most frequently studied. Most investigations used submerged culture systems with liquid-phase VOC application, whereas fewer employed air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) exposures that better mimic inhalation. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and apoptosis were the most commonly measured endpoints, with oxidative stress frequently identified as an upstream driver of inflammatory and cytotoxic responses. However, mechanistic depth varied, and studies examining metabolism, barrier function, morphology, or transcriptomic regulation were relatively uncommon. Notably, chronic or repeated exposures were rarely conducted. Overall, this review highlights the variety of VOC exposure methods and commonly assessed biological endpoints, as well as the critical lack of more detailed mechanistic studies and somewhat limited VOC\/mixture evaluation. The field is expansive but methodologically fragmented, underscoring the need for broader use of human respiratory cell models, more physiologically relevant exposure systems, improved dose characterization, and greater mechanistic resolution to advance understanding and throughput for VOC-induced pulmonary toxicity studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:51:31Z","timestamp":1787226691000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro approaches to assess respiratory toxicity from volatile organic compounds: an in-depth review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Olivia C G","family":"Lampe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva C M","family":"Vitucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn L","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie M","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00575-9","article-title":"Monitoring redox stress in human airway epithelial cells exposed to woodsmoke at an air-liquid interface","volume":"21","author":"Abzhanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/51539","article-title":"In vitro cell culture model for toxic inhaled chemical testing","volume":"87","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041578","article-title":"Pulmonary health effects of indoor volatile organic compounds\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Alford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121856","article-title":"Comparison of submerged and air liquid interface exposure: limitations and differences in the toxicological effects evaluated in bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"279","author":"Allouche","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.11.017","article-title":"Toxicological analysis of limonene reaction products using an in vitro exposure system","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4274(02)00512-x","article-title":"Novel approaches for studying pulmonary toxicity in vitro","volume":"140\u2013141","author":"Aufderheide","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1039\/b509812b","article-title":"A novel in vitro exposure technique for toxicity testing of selected volatile organic compounds","volume":"8","author":"Bakand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000111","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202000111","article-title":"Air-liquid interface cultures of the healthy and diseased human respiratory tract: promises, challenges and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Baldassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nanobiomed Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.987361","article-title":"Cellular RNA is chemically modified by exposure to air pollution mixtures","volume":"27","author":"Baldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.11.001","article-title":"An in vitro approach to assess the toxicity of inhaled tobacco smoke components: nicotine, cadmium, formaldehyde and urethane","volume":"244","author":"Balharry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27662-0","article-title":"ERK1\/2 and p38 regulate inter-individual variability in ozone-mediated IL-8 gene expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Bowers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B12","volume-title":"Histology, alveolar cells","author":"Brandt","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L731","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00309.2014","article-title":"Pulmonary epithelial barrier function: some new players and mechanisms","volume":"308","author":"Brune","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.02.010","article-title":"Airborne acrolein induces keratin-8 (ser-73) hyperphosphorylation and intermediate filament ubiquitination in bronchiolar lung cell monolayers","volume":"319","author":"Burcham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20201532","article-title":"Epithelial barrier function properties of the 16HBE14o-human bronchial epithelial cell culture model","volume":"40","author":"Callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B16","first-page":"2913","article-title":"Establishment and identification of small cell lung cancer cell lines having classic and variant features","volume":"45","author":"Carney","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B17","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23017-8","article-title":"Diminished lung function mediating the associations between blood levels of volatile organic compounds and respiratory morbidity and mortality","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(02)00817-1","article-title":"Possible involvement of glutathione and p53 in trichloroethylene- and perchloroethylene-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in human lung cancer cells","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071380","article-title":"In vitro and In vivo experimental studies of PM(2.5) on disease progression","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581995","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.581995","article-title":"Modifying and integrating in vitro and ex vivo respiratory models for inhalation drug screening","volume":"8","author":"Cidem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.1.7507342","article-title":"CFTR expression and chloride secretion in polarized immortal human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Cozens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413147","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as environmental pollutants: occurrence and mitigation using nanomaterials","volume":"18","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.09.016","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and hexanal vapors on human primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface","volume":"46","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.09.020","article-title":"Chlorobenzene induces oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"242","author":"Feltens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200803-025HR","article-title":"Resident cellular components of the human lung: current knowledge and goals for research on cell phenotyping and function","volume":"5","author":"Franks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.10.012","article-title":"In vitro assays as a tool for determination of VOCs toxic effect on respiratory system: a critical review","volume":"77","author":"Galezowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Analyt Chem"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37842","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37842","article-title":"Cellular reactions to long-term volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures","volume":"6","author":"Gostner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227174","article-title":"Human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells exhibit characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50157","article-title":"Establishing a liquid-covered culture of polarized human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells to study host cell response to respiratory pathogens in vitro","author":"Harcourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155878","article-title":"Repeated exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to particular matter increases allergen-induced cytokine release and permeability","volume":"154","author":"Janbazacyabar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7736","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02518a","article-title":"The scavenging capacity of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid for acrolein and the cytotoxicity of the formed adduct","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.11.003","article-title":"Formaldehyde interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions in a dose- and time-dependent manner","volume":"200","author":"Kastner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.11.011","article-title":"A dynamic system for single and repeated exposure of airway epithelial cells to gaseous pollutants","volume":"27","author":"Kastner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3870-5_11","article-title":"Culturing immortalized human airway epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface for measles virus infection","volume":"2808","author":"Kaufman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2022.2083429","article-title":"Comparison of biological responses between submerged, pseudo-air-liquid interface, and air-liquid interface exposure of A549 and differentiated THP-1 co-cultures to combustion-derived particles","volume":"57","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B38","volume-title":"Histology, lung","author":"Khan","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5035-9","article-title":"Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis","volume":"37","author":"Kiraz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062403","article-title":"The association between CFTR gene mutation heterozygosity and asthma development: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Koumpagioti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0410-1","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and airway inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/aivt.2017.0034","article-title":"Air-Liquid interface In vitro models for respiratory toxicology research: consensus workshop and recommendations","volume":"4","author":"Lacroix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl In Vitro Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.1.64","article-title":"Toluene diisocyanate colocalizes with tubulin on cilia of differentiated human airway epithelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Lange","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/em.70000","article-title":"Characterizing the pulmonary toxicity and potential mutagenicity of formaldehyde fumes in a human bronchial epithelial tissue model","volume":"66","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/01913123.2023.2262561","article-title":"Morphologically and karyotypically atypical cells of \u2018normal\u2019 human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B)","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652632","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/652632","article-title":"Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of an alveolar epithelial cell line to airborne zinc oxide nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface: a comparison with conventional, submerged cell-culture conditions","volume":"2013","author":"Lenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041971","article-title":"A natural glucan from black bean inhibits cancer cell proliferation via PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathway","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910170110","article-title":"A continuous tumor-cell line from a human lung carcinoma with properties of type II alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Lieber","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.10.014","article-title":"The ER stress-mediated decrease in DDAH1 expression is involved in formaldehyde-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells","volume":"62","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.09.026","article-title":"Formaldehyde induces lung inflammation by an oxidant and antioxidant enzymes mediated mechanism in the lung tissue","volume":"207","author":"Lino-dos-Santos-Franco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.01.027","article-title":"Hanging drop: an in vitro air toxic exposure model using human lung cells in 2D and 3D structures","volume":"261","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210136","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1210136","article-title":"Assessing volatile organic compounds exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in US adults","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2024.2368199","article-title":"GLUT1 mediates bronchial epithelial E-cadherin disruption in TDI-induced steroid-insensitive asthma","volume":"61","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht213oa","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as double-edged swords in cellular processes: low-dose cell signaling versus high-dose toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.05.015","article-title":"Study of gaseous benzene effects upon A549 lung epithelial cells using a novel exposure system","volume":"237","author":"Mascelloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0515OC","article-title":"Ozone induces a proinflammatory response in primary human bronchial epithelial cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase activation without nuclear factor-kappaB activation","volume":"51","author":"McCullough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.03.030","article-title":"In vitro toxicological evaluation of emissions from catalytic oxidation removal of industrial VOCs by air\/liquid interface (ALI) exposure system in repeated mode","volume":"58","author":"M\u00e9ausoone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/pr1005718","article-title":"Chlorinated benzenes cause concomitantly oxidative stress and induction of apoptotic markers in lung epithelial cells (A549) at nonacute toxic concentrations","volume":"10","author":"M\u00f6rbt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-483x(01)00540-6","article-title":"Acrolein-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Modulation by alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid","volume":"170","author":"Nardini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B60","author":"National Research Council","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928379","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928379","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds: a proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ogbodo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800258-MCP200","article-title":"Comparative proteomic phenotyping of cell lines and primary cells to assess preservation of cell type-specific functions","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122208","article-title":"Development of lung tissue models and their applications","volume":"334","author":"Petpiroon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00053805","article-title":"Oxidative stress and redox regulation of lung inflammation in COPD","volume":"28","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165225","article-title":"An optimised human cell culture model for alveolar epithelial transport","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00204","article-title":"In vitro exposure of isolated cells to native gaseous compounds\u2014development and validation of an optimized system for human lung cells","volume":"53","author":"Ritter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B67","first-page":"2522","article-title":"Effects of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzoyl peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide on cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Saladino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155122","article-title":"Targeting MAPK signaling: a promising approach for treating inflammatory lung disease","volume":"254","author":"Saleem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/mp4006535","article-title":"The cell line NCl-H441 is a useful in vitro model for transport studies of human distal lung epithelial barrier","volume":"11","author":"Salomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390490273488","article-title":"Kinetic factors involved in the metabolism of benzene in mouse lung and liver","volume":"67","author":"Sheets","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20010","article-title":"Benzene metabolism in human lung cell lines BEAS-2B and A549 and cells overexpressing CYP2F1","volume":"18","author":"Sheets","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.01.013","article-title":"Air-liquid interface (ALI) impact on different respiratory cell cultures","volume":"184","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6260-6_2","article-title":"Environmental aldehyde sources and the health implications of exposure","volume":"1193","author":"Sinharoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2887","article-title":"Protein carbonylation","volume":"12","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl165","article-title":"Particokinetics in vitro: dosimetry considerations for in vitro nanoparticle toxicity assessments","volume":"95","author":"Teeguarden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1021\/tx8001934","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional responses to acrolein","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113663","article-title":"Ambient ozone exposure induces ROS related-mitophagy and pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rat lung cells","volume":"240","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4274(02)00055-3","article-title":"Acrolein causes transcriptional induction of phase II genes by activation of Nrf2 in human lung type II epithelial (A549) cells","volume":"132","author":"Tirumalai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060277","article-title":"Establishment of repeated in vitro exposure system for evaluating pulmonary toxicity of representative criteria air pollutants using advanced bronchial mucosa models","volume":"10","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106567","article-title":"The development and characterization of in vivo-like three-dimensional models of bronchial epithelial cell lines","volume":"190","author":"Van den Bossche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B81","author":"VITROCELL","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00576-8","article-title":"Epithelial MAPK signaling directs endothelial NRF2 signaling and IL-8 secretion in a tri-culture model of the alveolar-microvascular interface following diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) exposure","volume":"21","author":"Vitucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/s1383-5718(99)00038-8","article-title":"Discrimination between genotoxicity and cytotoxicity for the induction of DNA double-strand breaks in cells treated with aldehydes and diepoxides","volume":"441","author":"Vock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.09.135","article-title":"Urban particulate matter triggers lung inflammation via the ROS-MAPK-NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.159814","article-title":"Protein carbonylation as a novel mechanism in redox signaling","volume":"102","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.48.7.437","article-title":"The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment","volume":"48","author":"Yardley-Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B87","author":"Zavala","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1039\/c7tx00109f","article-title":"Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures","volume":"6","author":"Zavala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Res (Camb)"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.06.026","article-title":"The gillings sampler\u2014an electrostatic air sampler as an alternative method for aerosol in vitro exposure studies","volume":"220","author":"Zavala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01261-0","article-title":"miRNA-425-5p enhances lung cancer growth via the PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT signaling axis","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.120759","article-title":"Toxicological effects of long-term continuous exposure to ambient air on human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells exposed at the air-liquid interface","volume":"269","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026090916561594100_kfag110-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68748-9_11","article-title":"Redox role of ROS and inflammation in pulmonary diseases","volume":"1304","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag110\/70724841\/kfag110.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/9\/kfag110\/70724841\/kfag110.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/209\/9\/kfag110\/70724841\/kfag110.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:56:24Z","timestamp":1788987384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag110\/8767201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"kfag110"}}