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Mammals have 4 types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), beige or brite adipose tissue (BeAT), and pink adipose tissue (PAT). These adipose tissues release endocrine factors that modulate diverse processes such as energy storage and expenditure, appetite control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, tissue repair, thermogenesis, and milk production. Proper adipose tissue function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways that make the adipose tissues susceptible to disruption by endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between phthalate exposures and abnormalities in WAT and BAT functions, including phthalate-induced changes in morphology, physiology, and gene expression. This review covers in vitro studies, in vivo studies in mammals, and studies in humans. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, the evidence indicates that phthalates adversely affect WAT and BAT functions. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms through which phthalates act in the adipose tissues and to determine the effects of phthalates on human adipose tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfag111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:48:28Z","timestamp":1787226508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of phthalates on mammalian adipose tissue"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6972-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via C F","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Esp\u00edrito Santo , Vit\u00f3ria, ES 290440-090,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerrington R","family":"Eskridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, IL 62901,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary J","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodi A","family":"Flaws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jones B","family":"Graceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Esp\u00edrito Santo , Vit\u00f3ria, ES 290440-090,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, IL 62901,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091116365514600_kfag111-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00301-5","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"11","author":"Ahima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026091116365514600_kfag111-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16463-6","article-title":"Increased inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiration in brown adipose tissue from obese mice","volume":"7","author":"Alcal\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci 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