{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:54:32Z","timestamp":1791356072401,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,13]],"date-time":"2005-10-13T00:43:44Z","timestamp":1129164224000},"page":"188-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Organophosphate Dermal Absorption"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Baynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. A.","family":"Monteiro-Riviere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Riviere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agutter, P. S., Malone, P. C., and Wheatley, D. N. (2000). Diffusion theory in biology: A relic of mechanistic materialism. J. Histol. Biol.33,71\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004745516972"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albery, W. J., and Hadgraft, J. (1979). Percutaneous absorption: in vivo experiments. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.31,140\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13456.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billich, A., Vyplel, H., Grassberger, M., Schmook, F. P., Steck, A., and Stuetz, A. (2005). Novel cyclosporin derivatives featuring enhanced skin penetration despite increased molecular weight. Bioorg. Med. Chem.13,3157\u20133167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2005.02.049"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, I. H. (1964). Penetration of low-molecular-weight alcohols into skin. I. Effect of concentration of alcohol and type of vehicle. J. Invest. Dermatol.43,415\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1964.174"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouwstra, J. A., Honeywell-Nguyen, P. L., Gooris, G. S., and Ponec, M. (2003). Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog. Lipid Res.42,1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(02)00028-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronaugh, R. L., and Stewart, R. F. (1985). Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies V: Permeation through damaged skin. J. Pharm. Sci.74,1062\u20131066.","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600741008"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronaugh, R. L., Stewart, R. F., Congdon, E. R., Giles, J., and Albert, L. (1982). Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies I. Comparison with in vivo results. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.62,474\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(82)90148-X"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S. K., and Riviere, J. E. (1991). Percutaneous absorption of parathion in vitro in porcine skin: Effects of dose, temperature, humidity, and perfusate composition on absorptive flux. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.17,494\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90200-N"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S. K., Williams, P. L., Dauterman, W. C., and Riviere, J. E. (1994). Percutaneous absorption, dermatopharmacokinetics and related bio-transformation studies of carbaryl, lindane, malathion, and parathion in isolated perfused porcine skin. Toxicology91,269\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(94)90014-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilcott, R. P., Dalton, C. H., Hill, I., Davison, C. M., Blohm, K. L., Clarkson, E. D., and Hamilton, M. G. (2005). In vivo skin absorption and distribution of the nerve agent VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in the domestic white pig. Hum. Exp. Toxicol.24,347\u2013352.","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327105ht537oa"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, L. H., Setzer, R. W., and Barton, H. A. (2004). Framework for evaluation of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for use in safety or risk assessment. Risk Anal.24,1697\u20131717.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00561.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einstein, A. (1905). Von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Warme gefordete Bewegung von in ruhenden Flussigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen. Ann. Physsike17,549\u2013554.","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19053220806"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB13","unstructured":"EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (1992). Dermal exposure assessment: Principles and applications. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, D., Corish, J., and Hayes, B. (2004). Modelling skin permeability in risk assessment\u2014The future. Chemosphere55,1309\u20131314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.11.051"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frasch, H. F., and Barbero, A. M. (2003). Steady-state flux and lag time in the stratum corneum lipid pathway: Results from finite element models. J. Pharm. Sci.92,2196\u20132207.","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10466"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geinoz, S., Guy, R. H., Testa, B., and Carrupt, P. A. (2004). Quantitative structure-permeation relationships (QSPeRs) to predict skin permeation: a critical evaluation. Pharm. Res.21,83\u201392.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000012155.27488.2b"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghafourian, T., Zandasrar, P., Hamishekar, H., and Nokhodchi, A. (2004). The effect of penetration enhancers on drug delivery through skin: A QSAR study. J. Control Release99,113\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.06.010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howes, D., Guy, R., Hadgraft, J., Heylings, J., Hoeck, U., Kemper, F., Maibach, H., Marty, J. P., Merk, H., Parra, J., et al. (1996). Methods for assessing percutaneous absorption\u2014The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 13. Atla-Altern. Lab. Anim.24,81\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1177\/026119299602400111"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M. E., Blankschtein, D., and Langer, R. (1997). Evaluation of solute permeation through the stratum corneum: Lateral bilayer diffusion as the primary transport mechanism. J. Pharm.Sci.86,1162\u20131172.","DOI":"10.1021\/js960198e"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D. D., and Chien, Y. W. (1996). Transdermal delivery of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs. 2. The effect of vehicle and enhancer on skin permeation. J. Pharm. Sci.85,214\u2013219.","DOI":"10.1021\/js950141c"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D. D., Kim, J. L., and Chien, Y. W. (1996). Mutual hairless rat skin permeation-enhancing effect of ethanol\/water system and oleic acid. J. Pharm. Sci.85,1191\u20131195.","DOI":"10.1021\/js9601041"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korinth, G., Schaller, K. H., and Drexler, H. (2005). Is the permeability coefficient Kp a reliable tool in percutaneous absorption studies? Arch. Toxicol.79,155\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-004-0618-4"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarley, K. D., and Bunge, A. L. (2001). Pharmacokinetic models of dermal absorption. J. Pharm. Sci.90,1699\u20131719.","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.1120"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB24","unstructured":"Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. (1986). Ultrastructural evaluation of the porcine integument. In Swine in Biomedical Research (M. E. Tumbleson, ed.), vol. 1, pp. 641\u2013655, Plenum Press, New York."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB25","unstructured":"Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. (2001). Integument. Chapter 14 In The Biology of the Domestic Pig (W. G. Pond and H. G. Mersmann, eds.), pp. 585\u2013624, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moody, R. P., Nadeau, B., and Chu, I. (1994). In vitro dermal absorption of pesticides. 6. In vivo and in vitro comparison of the organochlorine insecticide Ddt in rat, guinea-pig, pig, human and tissue-cultured skin. Toxicol. In Vitro8,1225\u20131232.","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(94)90113-9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB27","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2000). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals\u2014428 Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method. OECD, Paris."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payan, J. P., Boudry, I., Beydon, D., Fabry, J. P., Grandclaude, M. C., Ferrari, E., and Andre, J. C. (2003). Toxicokinetics and metabolism of N-[(14)C]N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in male Sprague-Dawley rats: In vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption. Drug Metab. Dispos.31,659\u2013669.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.5.659"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potts, R. O., and Guy, R. H. (1995). A predictive algorithm for skin permeability: The effects of molecular size and hydrogen bond activity. Pharm. Res.12,1628\u20131633.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016236932339"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raykar, P. V., Fung, M. C., and Anderson, B. D. (1988). The role of protein and lipid domains in the uptake of solutes by human stratum corneum. Pharm. Res.5,140\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015956705293"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riviere, J. E. (2005). Dermal Absorption Models in Toxicology and Pharmacology. Taylor and Francis\/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203020821"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riviere, J. E., Bowman, K. F., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Dix, L. P., and Carver, M. P. (1986). The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF): I. A novel in vitro model for percutaneous absorption and cutaneous toxicology studies. Fundam. Appl Toxicol.7,444\u2013453.","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(86)90094-1"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riviere, J. E., and Brooks, J. D. (2005). Predicting skin permeability from complex chemical mixtures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.208,99\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.02.016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB34","unstructured":"Roberts, M. S., Anissimov, Y. G., and Gonsalvez, R. A. (2001). Mathematical models in percutaneous absorption (Reprinted from Percutaneous Adsorption, pp. 3\u201355, 1999). J. Toxicol-Cutan. Ocul.20,221\u2013270."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorelli, P., Aprea, C., Cenni, A., Novelli, M. T., Orsi, D., Palmi, S., and Matteucci, G. (1998). Prediction of percutaneous absorption from physicochemical data: A model based on data of in vitro experiments. Ann. Occup. Hyg.42,267\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(98)00021-0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorelli, P., Cenni, A., Matteucci, G., Montomoli, L., Novelli, M. T., and Palmi, S. (1999). Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: In vitro percutaneous penetration from lubricating oil. Int. Arch. Occup.Environ. Health72,528\u2013532.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050411"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheuplein, R. J., and Blank, I. H. (1971). Permeability of the skin. Physiol. Rev.51,702\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1971.51.4.702"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmook, F. P., Meingassner, J. G., and Billich, A. (2001). Comparison of human skin or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in vitro percutaneous absorption. Int. J. Pharm.215,51\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00665-7"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Zhao, K., and Singh, J. (2002). In vitro permeability and binding of hydrocarbons in pig ear and human abdominal skin. Drug Chem. Toxicol.25,83\u201392.","DOI":"10.1081\/DCT-100108474"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spear, R. (2002). Mathematical modeling in environmental health. Environ. Health Perspect.110,A382\u2013A382.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-a382"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, K., Ritchie, K., Kajikawa, E., Fujiwara, T., and Kusumi, A. (2005). Rapid hop diffusion of a G protein\u2013coupled receptor in the plasma membrane as revealed by single-molecule techniques. Biophys. J.88,3659\u20133680.","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.048538"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talreja, P., Kleene, N. K., Pickens, W. L., Wang, T. F., and Kasting, G. B. (2001). Visualization of the lipid barrier and measurement of lipid pathlength in human stratum corneum. AAPS Pharm. Sci.3,E13.","DOI":"10.1208\/ps030213"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treherne, J. E. (1956). The permeability of skin to some non-electrolytes. J. Physiol.133,171\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1956.sp005575"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Merwe, D., and Riviere, J. E. (2005). Comparative studies on the effects of water, ethanol and water\/ethanol mixtures on chemical partitioning into porcine stratum corneum and Silastic membrane. Toxicol. In Vitro19,69\u201377.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2004.06.002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Merwe, D., and Riviere, J. E. (2005). Effect of vehicles and sodium lauryl sulphate on xenobiotic permeability and stratum corneum partitioning in porcine skin. Toxicology206,325\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.07.011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Smoluchowski, M. (1906). Zur kinetischen Theorie der Brownschen Molekularbewegung und der Suspensionen. Annalen Physsike21,756\u2013780.","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19063261405"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahlberg, J. E. (1968). Percutaneous absorption of radioactive strontium chloride Sr 89 (89SrCl2). A comparison with 11 other metal compounds. Arch.Dermatol.97,336\u2013339.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610090108020"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171013190835_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, P. L., Carver, M. P., and Riviere, J. E. (1990). A physiologically relevant pharmacokinetic model of xenobiotic percutaneous absorption utilizing the isolated perfused porcine skin flap. J. Pharm. Sci.79,305\u2013311.","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600790407"}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/89\/1\/188\/16692223\/kfj014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T14:41:12Z","timestamp":1626619272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article\/89\/1\/188\/1663603\/A-Physiologically-Based-Pharmacokinetic-Model-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6080","1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6080","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,12]]}}}