{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:27:06Z","timestamp":1791257226509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,17]],"date-time":"2008-07-17T00:25:01Z","timestamp":1216254301000},"page":"140-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Induction of Autophagy in Porcine Kidney Cells by Quantum Dots: A Common Cellular Response to Nanomaterials?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Stephan T.","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banu S.","family":"Zolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"McLeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Clogston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8844","DOI":"10.1021\/ja016424q","article-title":"Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols","volume":"123","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1021\/ja047000+","article-title":"Size-dependent dissociation pH of thiolate ligands from cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals","volume":"127","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib3","first-page":"589","article-title":"Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay","volume":"48","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000084921","article-title":"Induction of metallothionein in proximal tubular cells by zinc and its potential as an endogenous antioxidant","volume":"28","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1021\/bc060261j","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node imaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1021\/bc0502006","article-title":"Surface modification to reduce nonspecific binding of quantum dots in live cell assays","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5385.2013","article-title":"Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels","volume":"281","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.018","article-title":"Nano neodymium oxide induces massive vacuolization and autophagic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells","volume":"337","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.09.007","article-title":"CdSe quantum dots induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells via mitochondrial-dependent pathways and inhibition of survival signals","volume":"167","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1021\/la060093j","article-title":"Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"2007","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0347334","article-title":"Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"4","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1021\/bc060367e","article-title":"Targeted quantum dot conjugates for siRNA delivery","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1021\/ja068158s","article-title":"Cell-penetrating quantum dots based on multivalent and endosome-disrupting surface coatings","volume":"129","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-4-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of cell nuclei, internalized quantum dots and sites of lipid peroxidation","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib16","first-page":"333","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots to freshwater mussels: impacts on immune system, oxidative stress and genotoxicity","volume":"86","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00546-2","article-title":"Sensitive endpoints for evaluating cadmium-induced acute toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells","volume":"183","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib18","first-page":"39250","article-title":"Autophagy as an ultrastructural marker of heavy metal toxicity in human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"392","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00211-0","article-title":"Semiconductor quantum dot\/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photostable endosome marker","volume":"302","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.04.041","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms underlying the anticancer action of nanocrystalline fullerene","volume":"568","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.15.4511","article-title":"Autophagy and human disease","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200500105","article-title":"On the generation of free radical species from quantum dots","volume":"1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1021\/es048729l","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.21.5720","article-title":"LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1021\/nl047996m","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe\/ZnS nanoparticles","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib26","first-page":"181","article-title":"Methods for monitoring autophagy from yeast to human","volume":"2007","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26390","article-title":"Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?","volume":"115","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.01.015","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of selenium on cadmium-induced LLC-PK1 cells apoptosis by activating JNK pathway","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-004-0629-x","article-title":"Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots","volume":"83","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2005.09.008","article-title":"Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.08.002","article-title":"Signalling and autophagy regulation in health, aging and disease","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4600","article-title":"How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90121-Z","article-title":"Role of endogenous sulfur-containing nucleophiles in an in vitro model of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"39","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.07.018","article-title":"A rapid and transient ROS generation by cadmium triggers apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathway in HepG2 cells and this is inhibited through N-acetylcysteine-mediated catalase upregulation","volume":"212","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.10.013","article-title":"Cytoprotective and antioxidant role of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium induced renal injury: an in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"80","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2217\/17435889.1.2.209","article-title":"Quantum dots and multifunctional nanoparticles: new contrast agents for tumor imaging","volume":"1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.2229","article-title":"Tracker dyes to probe mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in rat hepatocytes","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700508","article-title":"Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"127","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0619711","article-title":"Quantum dots for human mesenchymal stem cells labeling. A size-dependent autophagy activation","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4214","article-title":"Oxidation as a post-translational modification that regulates autophagy","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0375-8","article-title":"Rapid determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione levels using a new thiol-masking reagent and the enzymatic recycling method: application to the rat liver and bile samples","volume":"385","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03478.x","article-title":"On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots","volume":"48","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044031w","article-title":"Synthesis of compact multidentate ligands to prepare stable hydrophilic quantum dot fluorophores","volume":"127","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867053764635","article-title":"Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1088","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency in cultured human keratinocytes attenuates toxicity due to lipid peroxidation","volume":"120","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(06)76003-3","article-title":"Aggregate-prone proteins are cleared from the cytosol by autophagy: therapeutic implications","volume":"76","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37796-1","article-title":"Protection from cadmium cytotoxicity by N-acetylcysteine in LLC-PK1 cells","volume":"287","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00481.2005","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerene in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"290","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.129","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying nano-sized air-pollution-mediated progression of atherosclerosis: carbon black causes cytotoxic injury\/inflammation and inhibits cell growth in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"70","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10290","article-title":"Persistent tissue kinetics and redistribution of nanoparticles, quantum dot 705, in mice: ICP-MS quantitative assessment","volume":"115","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.07.023","article-title":"Autophagy: a regulated bulk degradation process inside cells","volume":"313","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.3916","article-title":"Nanoparticles as a novel class of autophagy activators","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0603350","article-title":"Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170508190146_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2007.125","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo toxicity of CdTe nanoparticles","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."}],"container-title":["Toxicological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-pdf\/106\/1\/140\/16680357\/kfn137.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T01:38:24Z","timestamp":1738287504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/toxsci\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6080","1096-0929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6080","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-0929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]}}}