{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T17:53:24Z","timestamp":1775325204544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Office","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 NS097162-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 NS097162-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produces an acute cardiac depression that can be rapidly fatal. We sought to characterize the time course of the cardiac effects produced by the toxicity of H2S in sheep, a human sized mammal, and to describe the in vivo and in vitro antidotal properties of methylene blue (MB), which has shown efficacy in sulfide intoxicated rats. Infusing NaHS (720 mg) in anesthetized adult sheep produced a rapid dilation of the left ventricular with a decrease in contractility, which was lethal within about 10 min by pulseless electrical activity. MB (7 mg\/kg), administered during sulfide exposure, maintained cardiac contractility and allowed all of the treated animals to recover. At a dose of 350 mg NaHS, we were able to produce an intoxication, which led to a persistent decrease in ventricular function for at least 1 h in nontreated animals. Administration of MB, 3 or 30 min after the end of exposure, whereas all free H2S had already vanished, restored cardiac contractility and the pyruvate\/lactate (P\/L) ratio. We found that MB exerts its antidotal effects through at least 4 different mechanisms: (1) a direct oxidation of free sulfide; (2) an increase in the pool of \u201ctrapped\u201d H2S in red cells; (3) a restoration of the mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation; and (4) a rescue of the mitochondrial electron chain. In conclusion, H2S intoxication produces acute and long persisting alteration in cardiac function in large mammals even after all free H2S has vanished. MB exerts its antidotal effects against life-threatening sulfide intoxication via multifarious properties, some of them unrelated to any direct interaction with free H2S.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T15:13:21Z","timestamp":1545232401000},"page":"443-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Methylene Blue Administration During and After Life-Threatening Intoxication by Hydrogen Sulfide: Efficacy Studies in Adult Sheep and Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Haouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Judenherc-Haouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019072605401125200_kfy308-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470692059","volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy","author":"Albani","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019072605401125200_kfy308-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01360.x","article-title":"The influence of pH and methylene blue on the pathways of glucose utilization and lactate formation in erythrocytes of man","volume":"20","author":"Albrecht","year":"1971","journal-title":"Eur. 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