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The present study indicated that semichronic Cd exposure (7\u2009days) induced apoptotic damage of mouse spleen. In human Ramos B cells, Cd exposure also induced apoptosis, which was dependent on Cd-induced vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1) expression and autophagy. Cd-induced autophagy and apoptosis were abated when VMP1 expression was knockdown. In addition, Cd-induced VMP1 expression, autophagy, and apoptosis were dependent on the elevation of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). More important, Cd exposure also induced VMP1 expression and autophagy in mouse spleen tissue, and the intraperitoneal injection of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) into mice effectively reduced Cd-induced spleen apoptotic damage. Taken together, these results indicate Cd-induced autophagy, promotes apoptosis in immune cells, and inhibition of autophagy can alleviate Cd-induced spleen and immune cell apoptosis. This study might provide the groundwork for future studies on Cd-induced immunomodulatory effects and immune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T11:20:58Z","timestamp":1554549658000},"page":"109-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Inhibition of Autophagy Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Mouse Spleen and Human B Cells Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangdong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris Kong","family":"Chu Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071623171920700_kfz089-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8763","article-title":"Cadmium-induced effects on bone in a population-based study of women","volume":"114","author":"Akesson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. 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