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One common mechanism used by plants to cope with drought stress is to change the composition of their leaf cuticular waxes. Cuticular waxes are essential for controlling non-stomatal water loss and are typically composed of a homologous series of very-long-chain fatty acid-derived compounds, as well as flavonoids, tocopherols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols. In this study, we compared the cuticular waxes of 339 natural accessions of Populus trichocarpa (Torr. &amp; Gray) (black cottonwood) grown under control and drought conditions in a common garden. A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was then used to identify candidate genes associated with cuticular wax biosynthesis and\/or its regulation. Although no major differences were observed in total wax load when subject to drought conditions, the amounts of the individual wax constituents were indeed responsive to drought. Specifically, changes in alkenes, alcohols, esters and aldehydes were evident, and suggest that they contribute to the drought response\/tolerance in poplar. GWAS uncovered several genes linked to fatty acid biosynthesis, including CER1, CER3, CER4, FATB, FAB1, FAR3, FAR4, KCS and a homologue of SOH1, as well as other candidate genes that may be involved in coordinating the drought responses in poplar trees. Our findings provide new evidence that genotype-specific shifts in wax composition, rather than total wax accumulation, contribute to drought adaptation in poplar. Additionally, we show that genetic variation in key wax biosynthetic genes drives cuticular wax plasticity in P. trichocarpa under drought, identifying putative molecular targets for improving stress resilience in trees. This study expands our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of the cuticle and their potential for enhancing drought tolerance in poplar species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpaf060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T15:27:36Z","timestamp":1747236456000},"page":"6-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Elucidating the drought-responsive changes in poplar cuticular waxes: a GWAS analysis of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Melike","family":"Karaca-Bulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry , 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Gonzales-Vigil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail , Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington","family":"Muchero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6309 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn D","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry , 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Science, 6270 University Blvd , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120104465887700_ops-bib-reference-rmc3mqbv4vxr79ku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Arve","year":"2011","DOI":"10.5772\/24661"},{"key":"2025120104465887700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.099796","article-title":"Reconstitution of plant alkane biosynthesis in yeast demonstrates that Arabidopsis ECERIFERUM1 and ECERIFERUM3 are core components of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex","volume":"24","author":"Bernard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2025120104465887700_ops-bib-reference-pmc1i40gtrw5br5t","first-page":"176","article-title":"Plant waxes. 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