{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:57:45Z","timestamp":1790827065230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2571216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2571216"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD2200301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD2200301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey is a precious timber species endemic to China, and its congeneric species Catalpa lutea J.H.Wang, W.J.Ma &amp; Z.Y.Li possesses higher economic value due to its distinctive golden-yellow heartwood. To elucidate the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the heartwood color difference between C. lutea and C. bungei, as well as the potential associations between heartwood color and wood properties, we conducted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses on the sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of 21-year-old C. bungei and C. lutea trees, and systematically evaluated their wood anatomical structure, physical and mechanical properties, and decay resistance. The results showed that compared with C. bungei, 17 chromogenic metabolites (10 quinones, 7 flavonoids) were significantly accumulated in the heartwood of C. lutea, among which \u03b1-lapachone derivatives (especially 9-hydroxy-\u03b1-lapachone and 4,9-dihydroxy-\u03b1-lapachone) accounted for 69.99% of the total chromogenic substances, representing the major color-contributing compounds in C. lutea heartwood. Through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and expression profiling, five CbuCYP450 genes with hydroxylation functions, namely CbuCYP86A1 (evm.TU.group330.7), CbuCYP82A3A (evm.TU.group3.584), CbuCYP82A3B (evm.TU.group3.585), CbuCYPH3 (evm.TU.group11.1088) and CbuCYP71D95 (evm.TU.group11.1150) were identified as highly expressed in the transition zone of C. lutea, potentially involved in the hydroxylation steps of \u03b1-lapachone-derivative biosynthesis. Wood-property measurements revealed that, compared with C. bungei, C. lutea possessed significantly higher double wall thickness and wall-to-lumen ratio in fiber cells, as well as significantly superior wood density, hardness, compressive and tensile strengths, and natural decay resistance. The biosynthesis of the identified chromogenic metabolites, particularly \u03b1-lapachone and its derivatives, may be associated with the high expression of CbuCYP71D95 and other CbuCYP450 genes. Furthermore, the anatomical structure characterized by thick-walled and narrow-lumened cells, together with the abundant secondary metabolites, jointly endow C. lutea with excellent mechanical properties and decay resistance. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the color-targeted breeding of C. bungei and C. lutea and for the high-value genetic improvement of precious timber species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpag112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:18:02Z","timestamp":1786965482000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms underlying the heartwood color difference between\n                    <i>Catalpa bungei<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Catalpa lutea<\/i>\n                    and their correlation with wood properties"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Xiaochi","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Three Gorges University , No. 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei 443002 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Forestry , No. 4 Linke Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingshan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Rare Resource Plants in Three Gorges Reservoir Area , Three Gorges Dam Area, Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei 443134,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry College, Northeast Forestry University , No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6082-6742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2434-2035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091 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