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However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay of divergent regulatory networks from these genomes remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared gene-level and allele-specific expression patterns, as well as differentially enriched pathways between F\u2081 and complex backcross lines derived from a natural interspecific hybrid population of Populus fremontii S. Watson (Pf) and Populus angustifolia E. James (Pa). Metabolic differences between Pf and Pa, which exhibit low and high levels respectively of phenylpropanoid-derived condensed tannins, were leveraged. Using individualized transcriptome references, differential expression and clustering analyses revealed CBC-biased and F\u2081-biased expression for genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism and photosynthesis, respectively. Biased expression of these genes at the allele level was also observed in F1. At the whole-transcriptome level, Pa-biased genes predominated in F\u2081 hybrids, and Pa alleles displayed more conserved expression patterns than Pf alleles across examined samples. Further analyses indicated that allelic expression bias was significantly associated with parental origin, which could be driven by sequence variations in cis-regulatory elements and differences in Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine (CpG) island length. Our findings demonstrate strong parent-of-origin effects on divergent regulatory networks governing gene expression in poplar hybrids and provide clues for strategic parental selection tailored to specific metabolic pathways of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpag128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:28:22Z","timestamp":1788521302000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parent-of-origin effects on allelic expression bias in interspecific poplar hybrids"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Dan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xiang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry 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