{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1773745270032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging to diagnose due to its non-specific symptoms and difficulties in obtaining confirmatory laboratory results. This study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of confirmed and non-confirmed TB in children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The medical records of children aged \u2264 15\u2009years diagnosed with TB at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2007 to December 2018 were examined. The TB cases were classified into three groups, confirmed cases (positive culture and\/or polymerase chain reaction), probable cases (positive histopathological and\/or acid-fast bacilli results) and presumptive cases (clinical manifestations and imaging findings compatible with TB and good response to anti-TB drugs but without microbiological confirmation).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 177 children, 66 (37.3%) had a confirmed diagnosis, 57 (32.2%) a probable diagnosis, and 54 (30.5%) a presumptive diagnosis. The successful treatment rates of the confirmed, probable and presumptive TB groups were 80.3%, 87.7% and 92.6%, respectively (p\u2009=\u20090.21). Of the 54 presumptive cases, a history of household contact with TB led to a diagnosis of asymptomatic pulmonary TB in 10 (18.5%) cases. Patients with a presumptive diagnosis were less likely to have disseminated and\/or miliary TB (1.9% vs. 7.0% of probable vs. 22.7% of confirmed, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Only one-third of the study patients had a confirmed TB diagnosis. The successful treatment and mortality rates did not significantly differ among the three groups. To increase the detection rate of early diagnosis of childhood TB, physicians should perform active TB contact investigations in household members of the index case.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T17:38:09Z","timestamp":1608053889000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing Treatment Outcomes between Confirmed and Non-Confirmed Childhood TB Cases: Study from a Major Tertiary Center in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puttichart","family":"Khantee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamolwish","family":"Laoprasopwattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B2","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0858","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis in children in Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Lapphra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17702-2","article-title":"Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study","volume":"365","author":"Zar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2014.11.063","article-title":"Diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis with special reference to polymerase chain reaction based nucleic acid amplification test","volume":"4","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B6","author":"World Health Organization. Definitions and Reporting Framework for Tuberculosis"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-94","article-title":"Childhood TB epidemiology and treatment outcomes in Thailand: a TB active surveillance network, 2004 to 2006","volume":"8","author":"Lolekha","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B8","first-page":"145","article-title":"Thai national guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 2017","volume":"11","author":"Lolekha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Biomed (Res Rev News)"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-140","article-title":"Culture-confirmed childhood tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa: a review of 596 cases","volume":"7","author":"Schaaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1433","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3742","article-title":"Pediatric tuberculosis at Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital: 2002\u20132010","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000308","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000308","article-title":"Paediatric tuberculosis in Singapore: a retrospective review","volume":"2","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"2021031111254645100_fmaa125-B12","first-page":"892","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis among urban Thai children: a 10-year review","volume":"46","author":"Vandepitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/67\/1\/fmaa125\/36548235\/fmaa125.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/67\/1\/fmaa125\/36548235\/fmaa125.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T12:19:52Z","timestamp":1615465192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa125\/6075108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa125","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-6338","1465-3664"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-6338","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3664","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"article-number":"fmaa125"}}