{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:13:23Z","timestamp":1781702003969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices determine child nutrition in resource-constrained countries and are influenced by regional water availability. We assessed any relationship between malnutrition and WASH practices among under-5 children in India\u2019s areas as per water availability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We did a secondary data analysis of the National Family Health Survey-IV. Stunting, wasting and being underweight were the significant outcomes. Regional water availability, households\u2019 source of water, sanitation and disposal of the child stool were the major independent variables. We report the prevalence estimates, bivariate associations and adjusted odds ratio to predict the child\u2019s malnutrition per regional water availability after using appropriate sampling weight.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 186\u00a0875 children, 41%, 20% and 36% were stunted, wasted and underweight. Only 26% of children had access to improved drinking water sources, whereas 50.0% were defecating in open. Around 65% of children\u2019s stools were disposed of in unhygienic ways. Undernutrition depicted a significant association with independent variables. There were higher chances of stunting with a decrease in regional water availability, unimproved sanitation and unhygienic ways of stool disposal. Wasting was intensified by all these factors, except the safe disposal of stools.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>WASH indicators exert a protective effect on undernutrition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T06:08:06Z","timestamp":1649830086000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Regional Water Availability and WASH Indicators as Predictors of Malnutrition in Under-5 Children: Analysis of the National Family Health Survey, India (2015\u201316)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Milan","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai 400088, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhur","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya Swaroop","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12534","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12534","article-title":"Towards a capability approach to child growth: a theoretical framework","volume":"14","author":"Haisma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B2","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B3","author":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; Govt. of India"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30273-1","article-title":"The burden of child and maternal malnutrition and trends in its indicators in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132017","volume":"3","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B5","author":"Seth","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229755","article-title":"Effectiveness of a culturally appropriate nutrition educational intervention delivered through health services to improve growth and complementary feeding of infants: a quasi-experimental study from Chandigarh, India","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B7","first-page":"25","article-title":"An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries","volume":"10","author":"Mosley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Surviv Strateg Res"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Malnutrition among children under the age of five in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): does geographic location matter?","volume":"11","author":"Kandala","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Heal"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B9","author":"Chase","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022041306080309200_fmac030-B10","author":"Global Health Observatory Data. 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