{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:51:50Z","timestamp":1776106310649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prompt and accurate aetiological diagnosis of childhood pneumonia remains a challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) because of limited resources for disease management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To review existing diagnostics for childhood pneumonia and potential modalities available to differentiate between bacterial and viral aetiologies in SSA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Online databases were searched for relevant articles published between January 2010 and December 2020 regarding childhood pneumonia diagnosis, conducted in SSA in children less than 18\u2009years of age. The 2020 PRISMA checklist was utilized in appraising the selected studies and the QUADAS-2 tool was employed to assess the risk of bias in each of the studies selected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 1542 study titles and abstracts were screened following which 45 studies (39 on childhood pneumonia diagnostics and 6 on discriminating between bacterial and viral childhood pneumonia) were selected for review. Microbiological investigations (79.7%) constituted the most utilized index tests with blood-related specimen (32.8%) being the most utilized specimen. The most performed index diagnostic modality was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (53.1%). The commonest reference gold standard technique was based on clinical diagnosis of the disease (46.2%). Only six studies in SSA attempted at using serum biomarkers, either singly or in combination to distinguish between aetiologies with use of combined biomarkers showing promise.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microbiological investigations are the most employed diagnostic methods for childhood pneumonia in SSA. More studies are required to evaluate the potential use of serum biomarkers; either singly or in combination with the goal of discriminating bacterial and viral childhood pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1654682633000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Childhood Pneumonia Diagnostics in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olutobi Babatope","family":"Ojuawo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3682-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pui-Ying","family":"Iroh Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Dudley Road, Birmingham B187QH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060810030761900_fmac045-B1","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022060810030761900_fmac045-B2","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022060810030761900_fmac045-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25259\/JPATS_29_2020","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa: still a challenge","volume":"2","author":"Marangu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pan Afr Thorac 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