{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:01:41Z","timestamp":1783569701902,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to evaluate serum vitamin D and zinc levels in children diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, 88 children with COVID-19 disease and 88 healthy children aged 1\u201318\u2009years were enrolled between 01 July 2021 and 30 October 2021 in the Pediatrics Clinic of Tekirda\u011f \u00c7orlu State Hospital. Serum vitamin D and zinc levels have been measured and NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) program has been utilized for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 88 COVID-19 positive pediatric patients [50% (n\u2009=\u200944) female] and 88 healthy children [48.86% (n\u2009=\u200943) female] in this study. The mean serum vitamin D levels of COVID-19 positive patients were statistically significantly lower than the control group (p\u2009=\u20090.0001). The zinc mean values of the study group were found to be statistically significantly lower than the control group (p\u2009=\u20090.0001). There was a statistically significant correlation between serum vitamin D and zinc values in all patient groups (r\u2009=\u20090.245, p\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As a result, zinc and vitamin D levels were observed lower in COVID-19 patients than in healthy individuals. Since there is no defined treatment protocol for COVID-19 infection on children yet, zinc and vitamin D supplementation can be used as a supportive treatment in COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T19:17:41Z","timestamp":1661195861000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Clinical Significance of Vitamin D and Zinc Levels with Respect to Immune Response in COVID-19 Positive Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1691-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tekirda\u011f \u00c7orlu District State Hospital, Ministry of Health , 59850 Tekirda\u011f, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130mran","family":"Dumano\u011flu Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tekirda\u011f \u00c7orlu District State Hospital, Ministry of Health , 59850 Tekirda\u011f, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin","family":"Uyan\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Tekirda\u011f \u00c7orlu District State Hospital, Ministry of Health , 59850 Tekirda\u011f, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Tolga","family":"K\u00f6le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kartal Dr. L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital, University of Health Science , 34865 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7278-309X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kemal","family":"Pi\u015fmi\u015fo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kartal Dr. L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital, University of Health Science , 34865 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200490","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China","volume":"296","author":"Zu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00535","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4573","article-title":"Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Viner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1159\/000107673","article-title":"Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function","volume":"51","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00697","article-title":"Vitamin D in autoimmunity: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"7","author":"Dankers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.021","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.11.008","article-title":"Vitamin D has a direct immunomodulatory effect on CD8+ T cells of patients with early multiple sclerosis and healthy control subjects","volume":"233","author":"Lysandropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B8","first-page":"64","article-title":"Vitamin D, Covid-19 and children","volume":"113","author":"Molloy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.58275","article-title":"B cells as a target of immune modulation","volume":"12","author":"Hawker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01337-x","article-title":"Vitamin D and connective tissue diseases","volume":"69","author":"Berardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B11","first-page":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2032","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2032","article-title":"The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections","volume":"29","author":"Teymoori-Rad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02437-9","article-title":"Zinc and COVID-19: basis of current clinical trials","volume":"199","author":"Pal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0319-z","article-title":"Revisiting the old and learning the new of zinc in immunity","volume":"20","author":"Fukada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.008","article-title":"Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000090495","article-title":"Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions","volume":"50","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.251.175","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: can maintaining optimal zinc balance enhance host resistance?","volume":"251","author":"Razzaque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04030-1","article-title":"The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospital","volume":"180","author":"Bayramo\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/09735070.2016.11905494","article-title":"The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children, adolescents and adults in a sample of Turkish population","volume":"10","author":"Meral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud Ethno-Med"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.03.040","article-title":"Serum vitamin D, calcium, and zinc levels in patients with COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Elham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-174","article-title":"Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children","volume":"50","author":"Tezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0272","article-title":"Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"58","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State","volume":"383","author":"Dufort","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29094","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren","volume":"91","author":"Urashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3029","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in Mongolia","volume":"130","author":"Camargo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220165","article-title":"Clinical prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and vitamin D levels: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Alvares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin D in the ICU: more sun for critically ill adult patients?","volume":"61","author":"Langlois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25106","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID-19 in children?","volume":"55","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723957","article-title":"Evaluation of childhood COVID-19 cases: a retrospective analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ako\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0211OC","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis and degradation in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719287","article-title":"Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"22","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B33","first-page":"030","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels in healthy adults above the age of 20 living in Potheri Village of Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu","volume":"4","author":"Kiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J App Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103526","article-title":"Serum calcium as a biomarker of clinical severity and prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B36","first-page":"424","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase screening for vitamin D deficiency states","volume":"22","author":"Shaheen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121863","article-title":"Magnesium: are we consuming enough?","volume":"10","author":"Razzaque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2018.037","article-title":"Role of magnesium in vitamin D activation and function","volume":"118","author":"Uwitonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.04.015","article-title":"ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome","volume":"53","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101764","article-title":"Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker","volume":"38","author":"Heller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.008","article-title":"Analysis of the predictive factors for a critical illness of COVID-19 during treatment\u2014relationship between serum zinc level and critical illness of COVID-19","volume":"100","author":"Yasui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B42","author":"Singh","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15136","article-title":"Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Vlieg-Boerstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphys.2022.04.001","article-title":"Zinc and its role in vitamin D function","volume":"5","author":"Amos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Res Physiol"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B45","first-page":"430","article-title":"The relationship of serum vitamin D and Zinc in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study","volume":"30","author":"Shams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.015","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: can zinc supplementation provide an additional shield against the infection?","volume":"19","author":"Razzaque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2022082219173909600_fmac072-B47","first-page":"289","volume-title":"The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) Recommendations on Vitamin D","author":"SACN vitamin D and health report","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/68\/5\/fmac072\/45496647\/fmac072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/68\/5\/fmac072\/45496647\/fmac072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T19:18:16Z","timestamp":1661195896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmac072\/6673384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmac072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-6338","1465-3664"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-6338","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3664","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"article-number":"fmac072"}}