{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:20:16Z","timestamp":1767651616249,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) adenitis is an uncommon complication following BCG vaccination. In rare cases, infants can develop other complications. Controversy exists regarding the diagnosis and management of these cases. Not much information is available in literature regarding their microbiological and immunological characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electronic medical records of children presenting to the Pediatric Infectious Diseases clinic in a tertiary care hospital from January 2011\u2013December 2020 with a diagnosis of BCG adenitis were retrospectively reviewed. Their clinical, microbiological, treatment and follow-up data were noted and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the study period, 40 infants presented with a probable diagnosis of BCG adenitis with or without disseminated BCG. Median age at symptom onset was 4(2.5\u20135.9) months. Nine infants had disseminated disease at presentation. Fifteen infants were suspected to have underlying immune deficiency of whom 12 had proven defects in immune function. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, presence of disseminated disease was the only factor predictive of underlying immunodeficiency. Isoniazid monoresistance was seen in seven cases (32%) of the 22 samples sent for TB cultures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Though BCG adenitis runs a benign course, it could rarely be the first manifestation of an underlying immune defect. There is sizable isoniazid monoresistance, hence sending tissue samples for microbiologic evaluation is necessary to guide anti-tubercular therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T19:14:06Z","timestamp":1668280446000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical, Microbiological Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Infants with BCG Adenitis: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabaneeta","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valsan Philip","family":"Verghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winsley","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy Sarojini","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Rebekah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manigandan","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anila","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111219135968900_fmac094-B1","first-page":"789","volume-title":"Tuberculosis vaccines","author":"Smith","year":"2013","edition":"6th edn"},{"key":"2022111219135968900_fmac094-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17370","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence on the duration of protection by bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination against tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Abubakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2022111219135968900_fmac094-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21390","article-title":"Observational study to estimate the changes in the effectiveness of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination with time since vaccination for preventing tuberculosis in the UK","volume":"21","author":"Mangtani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2022111219135968900_fmac094-B4","first-page":"73","article-title":"WHO position paper","volume":"93","author":"World Health Organization. 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