{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:18:47Z","timestamp":1753877927451,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Bacillus Calmette\u2013Guerin (BCG) vaccine is generally used to prevent tuberculosis, particularly meningeal and miliary types, in childhood. This vaccine can rarely cause complications of varying severity, ranging from localized disease to a severe diffuse type known as disseminated BCG infection. Imaging modalities play an important role in the evaluation of different complications of disseminated BCG infection. This study aimed to assess and describe the imaging findings of disseminated BCG infection in order to help clinicians diagnose this life-threatening infection more accurately.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This retrospective study was performed on 44 hospitalized children diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection. The results of radiographs, sonography, computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging were compiled in a checklist and were then assessed by a radiology resident and a board-certificated radiologist. The radiological findings from various imaging modalities were presented descriptively and the frequency of different parameters was reported.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Axillary lymphadenopathy at the vaccinated side was frequent and was often associated with abscesses. However, abscesses in other body regions were uncommon. The most common abdominal imaging findings were enlarged liver and spleen accompanied by multiple hypoechoic and hypodense nodules on ultrasound and CT scans, respectively. Furthermore, diffuse or multifocal pulmonary opacities were the most frequent findings on chest X-rays and CT scans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Characteristic imaging findings of disseminated BCG infection play a vital role in the early diagnosis of this infection. The study findings demonstrated the importance of radiological imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of the complications of disseminated BCG infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmad024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T14:59:33Z","timestamp":1692889173000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disseminated Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin infection: role of imaging in the evaluation of complications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ardeshir","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 7193635899, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Pouladfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 7134814336, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 7134814336, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Jafarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 7134814336, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 7193635899, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00182-2","article-title":"BCG\u2014different strains, different vaccines?","volume":"2","author":"Behr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00278-0","article-title":"The double-sided effects of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0036-2016","article-title":"Tuberculosis\u2014a World Health Organization perspective","volume":"5","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60570-0","article-title":"WHO\u2019s new end TB strategy","volume":"385","author":"Uplekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2014.01.003","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and imaging findings of the patients with disseminated bacilli Calmette-Guerin disease","volume":"43","author":"Sharifi Asadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-35-42","article-title":"Immunologic aspects of patients with disseminated bacille Calmette-Guerin disease in north-west of Iran","volume":"35","author":"Sadeghi-Shanbestari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B7","first-page":"133","article-title":"Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection after BCG vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Afshar Paiman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2023082414564249000_fmad024-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.28176","article-title":"Modern microbiological methods in diagnosis of adverse reactions after BCG vaccination. 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