{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:20:13Z","timestamp":1753878013065,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Agency for Cooperation and Development through the Global Fund 5% Initiative","award":["011141\/03\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["011141\/03\/04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Serological studies in infants can provide valuable information on the degree of protection conferred by IgG maternal passive transfer during early life. If infant levels are inadequate, protection may be incomplete, increasing the risk of life-threatening diseases such as pertussis and measles, before immunization completion. In addition, HIV infection, -highly prevalent in African countries like Malawi\u2014may impair transplacental antibody transfer. We determined anti-Pertussis Toxin (PT) and anti-measles IgG in 86 6-week-old infants, born to mothers living with HIV (HIV-exposed uninfected, HEU, n\u2009=\u200958) and to HIV-negative mothers (HIV-unexposed uninfected, HUU, n\u2009=\u200928). The HEU group was divided into two subgroups: Infants born to mothers who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy (Short-ART, SA-HEU group, n\u2009=\u200929) or already in stable ART (Long-term ART, LA-HEU group, n\u2009=\u200929). The mean anti-PT and anti-measles IgG levels (1.97\u2009IU\/ml and 32.9 mIU\/ml, respectively) were comparable between the HUU and HEU infants. Overall, only 12.8% and 18.6% of all infants had IgG levels above the protective thresholds for pertussis and measles, respectively. The duration of ART significantly influenced the infant\u2019s serological profile, with SA-HEU infants showing significantly lower IgG levels compared to both HUU and LA-HEU infants. Protecting infants during early life remains a significant health challenge in many middle and low-income countries. Achieving better early serological protection requires the implementation of diverse vaccination strategies. This study emphasizes the crucial importance for women living with HIV to be on stable ART before pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaf013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T22:45:42Z","timestamp":1741646742000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low levels of pertussis- and measles-specific IgG antibodies in 6-week-old HIV-exposed and -unexposed Malawian infants: implications for vaccination strategies and role of long term HIV therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2050-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Baroncelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clementina Maria","family":"Galluzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , 00133, Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Luhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio , 312224, Blantyre,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mphwere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio , 312224, Blantyre,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thom","family":"Kavalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio , 312224, Blantyre,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Amici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Floridia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Andreotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Ciccacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , 00133, Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio , Rome, 00153,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 , 00161 Rome","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"year":"2024","author":"WHO","key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B1"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00555","article-title":"Vertically transferred immunity in neonates: mothers, mechanisms and mediators","volume":"11","author":"Albrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1700057","article-title":"The impact of IgG transplacental transfer on early life immunity","volume":"2","author":"Fouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.01.012","article-title":"Measles susceptibility in maternal-infant dyads-Bamako, Mali","volume":"40","author":"Dixon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.09.092","article-title":"Pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus antibodies seroprevalence in pregnant women and neonates, as a preliminary data for introduction of preconception or prenatal DTaP vaccination among japanese society","volume":"40","author":"Tsurane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1086\/421033","article-title":"Prevalence of pertussis antibodies in maternal delivery, cord, and infant serum","volume":"190","author":"Healy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234680","article-title":"Early waning of maternal measles antibodies in infants in Zhejiang province, China: a comparison of two cross-sectional Serosurveys","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2023.0047","article-title":"Seroprevalence of measles in pairs of mothers and newborns in Southern Greece","volume":"36","author":"Barmpakou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viral Immunology"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10121990","article-title":"Vaccination in pregnancy against pertussis: a consensus statement on behalf of the global pertussis initiative","volume":"10","author":"Abu-Raya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1087\u201393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac432","article-title":"Maternal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: impact on infant anti-pertussis antibody concentrations by maternal pertussis priming series","volume":"76","author":"Havers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz348","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an early measles vaccination schedule at 6 and 12 months of age in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-unexposed and HIV-exposed, uninfected South African children","volume":"220","author":"Mutsaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031022453730900_fmaf013-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30396-2","article-title":"Effect of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months on the immune response to subsequent measles vaccine doses: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Nic Lochlainn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"year":"2022","author":"World Health Organization. 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