{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:41:40Z","timestamp":1776627700964,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare the academic performance of urban primary school children with strabismus and\/or amblyopia seen at the Eye Clinic of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria, with that of their controls. In this comparative cross-sectional study, conducted in 2022, 92 primary school children with strabismus and\/or amblyopia were consecutively recruited from UNTH Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu. They were compared with 92 age- and sex-matched classmates from schools who had normal visual acuity (6\/6) and no strabismus. The academic performance of participants was evaluated using the average of individual subject scores in Mathematics, English, Science, and Social Studies, and the average overall scores in the three terms of an academic session. Scores of \u226575%, were classified as high academic performance; 50%\u201374%, was classified as average; and scores of &amp;lt;50%, was classified as poor. Student\u2019s t-test was used for comparison of means. The chi-square test\/Fisher\u2019s exact test, as appropriate, was used for categorical variables. The level of statistical significance was set at P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05. Patients and controls had an average overall score of 84.52\u2009\u00b1\u200911.35 and 83\u2009\u00b1\u200912.56, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The majority of the patients (81.5%) had high academic performance. The lowest mean score was in mathematics for both groups. Patients had high academic performance with no statistically significant difference between that of the patients and their controls. Of all the school topics, both patient and control groups had the lowest mean scores in mathematics, with patients scoring lower than the controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T12:37:06Z","timestamp":1774096626000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of academic performance of primary school children presenting with strabismus and\/or amblyopia in Nigeria with age- and sex-matched classmates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3953-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glory C","family":"Ojinnaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onochie I","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngozi C","family":"Ojinnaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma R","family":"Ezegwui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla , Enugu, 400001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B1","first-page":"80","volume-title":"BCSC\u2014Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001","article-title":"Amblyopia and binocular vision","volume":"33","author":"Birch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw030","article-title":"Childhood amblyopia: current management and new trends","volume":"119","author":"Tailor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E014","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000219","article-title":"Critical periods in amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"Hensch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci."},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_11_19","article-title":"Simplified updates on the pathophysiology and recent developments in the treatment of amblyopia: a review","volume":"67","author":"Gopal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5741","article-title":"Amblyopia","volume":"325","author":"Kates","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_338_23","article-title":"Comprehensive review of amblyopia: types and management","volume":"71","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821377-3.00002-7","article-title":"Amblyopia","volume":"178","author":"Levi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01669-w","article-title":"Management of amblyopia in pediatric patients: current insights","volume":"36","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93131-w","article-title":"Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: the Hong Kong children eye study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.007","article-title":"Esotropia and exotropia preferred practice pattern\u00ae","volume":"125","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13926-8","article-title":"School-based assessment of amblyopia and strabismus among multiethnic children in rural China","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B13","first-page":"157","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical characteristics and risk factors of strabismus cases","volume":"10","author":"Yetkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"North Clin Istanb"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B14","first-page":"e11978","article-title":"Assessment of different types of strabismus among pediatric patients in tertiary hospital in jeddah","volume":"12","author":"Qanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00633.x","article-title":"Vision and the achievement gap among urban minority youth","volume":"81","author":"Basch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305267","article-title":"Common visual problems in children with disability","volume":"99","author":"Salt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041863","article-title":"Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss","volume":"88","author":"Chua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.04.009","article-title":"Refractive errors and ocular findings in children with intellectual disability: a controlled study HHS public access","volume":"12","author":"Akinci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.1999.tb05343.x","article-title":"Relationship between visual motor integration skill and academic performance in kindergarten through third grade","volume":"76","author":"Taylor Kulp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.7322\/jhgd.20033","article-title":"Relationship analysis between visual-motor integration ability and academic performance","volume":"21","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hum Growth Dev"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.59.4.377","article-title":"Vision, visual-Information processing, and academic performance among seventh-grade schoolchildren: a more significant relationship than we thought?","volume":"59","author":"Goldstand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B22","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of amblyopia among primary school children in Wolliso Town: South West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia","volume":"60","author":"Sherief","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.196261","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of amblyopia among primary school pupils in Kosofe town, Lagos state, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Ikuomenisan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0189-9171.142755","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of strabismus in primary school pupils in Benin city, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Akpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0283786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283786","article-title":"Educational attainment and trajectories at key stages of schooling for children with amblyopia compared to those without eye conditions: findings from the Millennium Cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Horvat-Gitsels","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i4.47","article-title":"A systemic review of barriers to accessing paediatric eye care services in African countries","volume":"21","author":"Alrasheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B27","first-page":"4556","article-title":"Childhood visual impairment causes and barriers to accessing eye care: a suggested approach for Africa","volume":"16","author":"Alrasheed","year":"2024","journal-title":"African J Prim Heal Care Fam Med"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B28","first-page":"393","author":"Obionu","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B29","first-page":"60","article-title":"Burden and spectrum of amblyopia in a pediatric hospital population southwest Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Alarape","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Med Heal Sci Res"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B30","first-page":"328","article-title":"Effects of reduced visual acuity on academic performance among secondary school students in South-South Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Kotingo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1997.81.1.27","article-title":"Academic performance among children with sickle cell disease: Setting minimum standards for comparison groups","volume":"81","author":"Richard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B32","first-page":"74","article-title":"Academic performance of school children with epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Ibekwe","year":"2008","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B33","first-page":"154","article-title":"Academic performance of school children with behavioural disorders in Uyo, Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Akpan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B34","first-page":"111","article-title":"Socio-economic and cultural background of hospitalized children in Ilesha","volume":"12","author":"Oyedeji","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nig J Paediatr"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.008","article-title":"Amblyopia preferred practice pattern\u00ae","volume":"125","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B36","first-page":"405","article-title":"A comparative study of academic achievement of children with sickle cell anemia and their healthy siblings","volume":"97","author":"Ogunfowora","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B37","volume-title":"Academic Performance of Children With Sickle Cell Anaemia Attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. A Dissertation Submitted to the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Fellowship in the Faculty of Paediatrics","author":"Ezenwosu","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.36351\/pjo.v36i2.896","article-title":"Effect of binocular vision problems on childhood academic performance and teachers\u2019 perspective","volume":"36","author":"Alrasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/03323315.2021.1899024","article-title":"School performance and undetected and untreated visual problems in schoolchildren in Ireland; a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"41","author":"Harrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Irish Educ Stud"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.06.013","article-title":"Amblyopia and slow reading","volume":"21","author":"Birch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.09.002","article-title":"Amblyopic children read more slowly than controls under natural, binocular reading conditions","volume":"19","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.10.001","article-title":"Slow reading in children with anisometropic amblyopia is associated with fixation instability and increased saccades","volume":"21","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2295","article-title":"Multiple-Choice answer form completion time in children with amblyopia and strabismus","volume":"136","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2011.47066","article-title":"The effect of amblyopia on educational activities of students aged 9-15","volume":"04","author":"Khalaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"JBiSE"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.09.002","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and its impact on the academic performance of male medical students in Southern Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Fayi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14745","article-title":"Age-and stereovision-dependent eye-hand coordination deficits in children with amblyopia and abnormal binocularity","volume":"55","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026041915050110600_fmag027-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.04.002","article-title":"Analysis of the potential impact of strabismus with and without amblyopia on visual-perceptual and visual-motor skills evaluated using TVPS-3 and VMI-6 tests","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Optom"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/72\/3\/fmag027\/68112121\/fmag027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/72\/3\/fmag027\/68112121\/fmag027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:05:13Z","timestamp":1776625513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmag027\/8658916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmag027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-6338","1465-3664"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-6338","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3664","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"article-number":"fmag027"}}