{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:09:38Z","timestamp":1793120978278,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Virological failure is defined as a plasma viral load above 1000 copies\/ml in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient after two consecutive viral load measurements 3\u2009months apart, with adherence support after the first test and being on treatment for at least 6 months. It can lead to disease progression and increased risk of opportunistic infections. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from medical records of children and adolescents aged 6\u2009weeks to 19\u2009years receiving first-line antiretrovirals (ARVs) at three treatment centres in Bamenda: the Regional Hospital, Nkwen District Hospital, and St Mary Soledad Catholic Hospital. Data were collected over a 5-month period (January to May 2025) and included patients with at least 6 months on ART and two documented viral load measurements taken three months apart. Of 419 patients recruited, 169 had virological failure, giving a prevalence of 40.3%, with most being male (53.8%). The factors associated with virological failure included being male (aOR = 0.54; P &amp;lt; .008), having a caregiver who is single (aOR = 3.36; P &amp;lt; 0.001), having WHO clinical stage 3 and 4 at ARV initiation (aOR = 3.38; P\u2009=\u2009.038), fair or poor adherence to ARVs (aOR = 15.73; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and greater than 10 missed appointments (aOR = 33.76; P &amp;lt; .001). A total of 14 children and adolescents with virological failure died, resulting in a mortality rate of 8.3%. This study shows that the prevalence of virological failure was high in the three HIV treatment centres in this part of Cameroon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1778412681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of virological failure in HIV-infected children and adolescents on first-line anti retrovirals in three treatment centres in the Bamenda municipality, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Chiabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bambili,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Nana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bambili,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Fomenky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bambili,","place":["Cameroon"]},{"name":"Regional Hospital , Bamenda,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Angwafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bambili,","place":["Cameroon"]},{"name":"Regional Hospital , Bamenda,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Tanlaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Hospital , Bamenda,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Suiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nkwen Baptist Hospital , Bamenda, Bamenda,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Meh","family":"Geh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Mary Soledad Hospital , Bamenda, N11,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Enow","family":"Ashuntantang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda , Bamenda, Bambili,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052507114137500_fmag038-B1","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026052507114137500_fmag038-B2","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026052507114137500_fmag038-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.92636","article-title":"Paediatric HIV\u2014trends & challenges","volume":"134","author":"Mothi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med 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