{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:51:25Z","timestamp":1781545885439,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease, reports indicate that it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both neonatal and post-neonatal periods especially in most developing countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to determine the prevalence and case fatality rates of post-neonatal tetanus among children managed at the Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria over 8 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was a retrospective review of the records of the children above 1 month of age admitted into Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, with a clinical diagnosis of tetanus from January 2008 to May 2016. Data analysis was conducted on descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Mean, standard deviation and other relevant parameters were calculated. Level of significance was set at p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, 32 out of 3693 admitted Paediatric patients had post-neonatal tetanus: giving a prevalence rate of 0.9%. The male\u00a0:\u00a0female ratio was 1.9\u00a0:\u00a01 and patients\u2019 ages ranged from 2 to 15\u2009years with a mean age 8.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1\u2009years. Twenty-nine percent of them had complete immunization during infancy, but none had booster doses. Also, 60.9% of them presented with lower limb injuries as the portal of entry. Over 17.4% of the patients had very severe tetanus. Of the 32 patients studied, 62.5% resided in the neighbouring rural communities, while 50.0% were admitted for \u226410\u2009days. The calculated case fatality rate was 50%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence and case fatality rates of post-neonatal tetanus are still relatively high in this clime. Given the prevalent nature of the disease in children aged 5 years and above, there is a need to include the booster doses of tetanus toxoid in the country\u2019s National Programme on Immunization schedule.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmz054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1563967485000},"page":"201-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Prevalence and Case-Fatality Rates of Post-Neonatal Tetanus in a Population of Hospitalized Nigerian Children: An 8-Year Retrospective Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Clifford Onuorah","family":"Okike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre Asaba, 1033 Asaba, Delta, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzoamaka Vivian","family":"Muoneke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, 40001 Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Nkachukwu","family":"Uwaezuoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, 40001 Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Nkemjika","family":"Mbagwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre Asaba, 1033 Asaba, Delta, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezinne","family":"Onyeka-Okite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre Asaba, 1033 Asaba, Delta, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B1","first-page":"878","volume-title":"Nelson\u2019s Textbook of Pediatrics","author":"Stephen","edition":"16th edn"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723204","article-title":"Post-neonatal tetanus: issues on intensive care management","volume":"68","author":"Singhi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Paediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2105","article-title":"Trends in neonatal and post-neonatal tetanus admissions at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital","volume":"6","author":"Oyedeji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B4","first-page":"254","article-title":"Profile and outcome of patients with post-neonatal tetanus in a tertiary centre in South West Nigeria: any remarkable reduction in the scourge?","volume":"21","author":"Adeola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4314\/njp.v40i2.9","article-title":"Post-neonatal tetanus in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, North-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Alhaji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nig J Paediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of urban slum residency with infant mortality and child stunting in low and middle income countries","volume":"2013","author":"Hmwe","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int J"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930123836","article-title":"Atypical presentation in children with post-neonatal tetanus in Ibadan Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Fatunde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-381","article-title":"Determinants of vaccination coverage in rural Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Odusanya","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/36.6.306","article-title":"A 10-year review of morbidity from childhood preventable diseases in Nigeria: how successful is the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)? An update","volume":"36","author":"Babaniyi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B10","volume-title":". Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination by 2005: Strategies for Achieving and Maintaining Elimination","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B11"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B12","first-page":"373","article-title":"The EPI in Borno State, Nigeria: impact on routine diseases notifications and hospital admissions","volume":"95","author":"Bondi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B13","first-page":"765","article-title":"Experience of pediatric tetanus cases from Mumbai","volume":"37","author":"Tullu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Post neonatal tetanus in Calabar, Nigeria: a 10 year review","volume":"54","author":"Anah","year":"2008","journal-title":". Niger Med Pract"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4111-4","article-title":"Mortality from tetanus between 1990 and 2015: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Hmwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4314\/njm.v17i1.37355","article-title":"Experience with tetanus in a tertiary hospital in south east Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Onwuekwe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B17","first-page":"73","article-title":"A 10 year retrospective evaluation of cases of post neonatal tetanus seen in a paediatric unit of a University Teaching Hospital in South Western Nigeria (1985 to 1994)","volume":"42","author":"Oyelami","year":"1996","journal-title":". Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-016-0483-4","article-title":"Neonatal and child tetanus morbidity and mortality in the University hospitals of Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire (2001-2010)","volume":"109","author":"Aba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jomt.jomt_46_16","article-title":"Pattern and outcome of tetanus in a tertiary health facility in the Northwest Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Aliyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Trop"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.17511\/ijmrr.2015.i6.117","article-title":"Clinical profile and prognostic indicators of tetanus in children","volume":"3","author":"Kosam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Rev"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"A four years record review of tetanus cases admitted to Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH), Southwest Ethiopia: a slip of tetanus case management?","volume":"2","author":"Sahilu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13306","article-title":"Tetanus in New Zealand children: intensive care management of a vaccine preventable disease","volume":"52","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B23","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Tetanus","author":"Udwadia","year":"1994"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B24","first-page":"55","article-title":"Tetanus and traditional practices in Dakar (report of 141 cases)","volume":"38","author":"Sow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dakar Med"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmx020","article-title":"Post-neonatal tetanus in a PICU of a developing economy: intensive care needs, outcome and predictors of mortality","volume":"64","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B26","first-page":"199","article-title":"Review of tetanus admissions to a rural Ugandan Hospital","volume":"7","author":"Zziwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Policy Dev"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20.","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-6-20","article-title":"Ten year experiences with tetanus at a Tertiary Hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: a retrospective review of 102 cases","volume":"6","author":"Chalya","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B28","first-page":"149","article-title":"Tetanus: still a killer in adults","volume":"17","author":"Khaskheli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaesth Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B29","first-page":"1369","article-title":"A study of childhood tetanus in post-neonatal age group in Delhi","volume":"31","author":"Mondal","year":"1994","journal-title":". Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2020040106252302800_fmz054-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2309-z","article-title":"The burden of tetanus in Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Nanteza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/66\/2\/201\/32987126\/fmz054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article-pdf\/66\/2\/201\/32987126\/fmz054.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1695045100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tropej\/article\/66\/2\/201\/5545482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmz054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-6338","1465-3664"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-6338","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3664","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}