{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:56:01Z","timestamp":1778828161026,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/d\/1039501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/d\/1039501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chloroquine (CQ) is generally prescribed as the front-line antimalarial drug of choice to treat Plasmodium vivax infections; however, some clinical CQ-resistant P. vivax isolates have been indigenously reported around the world during the last decade.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, P. vivax isolates (n=52) were obtained from autochthonous samples in southeast Iran during 2015\u20132017. The genomic DNA of samples was extracted, amplified (nested PCR) and sequenced by targeting the multidrug-resistance 1 gene. To verify the global genetic diversity of CQ-resistant P. vivax strains, the sequences of Pvmdr1 originating from Asia and the Americas were retrieved.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 46 haplotypes were grouped into three distinct geographical haplogroups. The haplotype diversity and occurrence rates of Pvmdr1 976F\/1076L mutations indicate that the efficacy of CQ is being compromised in Mexico, China, Nicaragua, Thailand, Brazil (2016), Ethiopia, Mauritania (2012) and southwest India in the near future. The cladistic phylogenetic tree showed that Pvmdr1 sequences isolated from the southeast Asian clade has a partial sister relationship with the American clade.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current findings will serve as a basis to develop appropriate malaria control strategies and public health policies in symptomatic imported malaria cases or plausible CQ-resistant P. vivax strains.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T12:12:23Z","timestamp":1578744743000},"page":"339-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Global assessment of genetic paradigms of Pvmdr1 mutations in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax isolates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Adel","family":"Spotin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahami-Oskouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Parsaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Rostami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Emami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Gholipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Farmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2020050408274171100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.621","article-title":"Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by plasmodium vivax: Timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels","volume":"56","author":"Baird","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2020050408274171100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.06.027","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene in Thai parasite 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