{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:34:48Z","timestamp":1787009688544,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010794","name":"Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards schistosomiasis among rural schoolchildren in Taiz governorate, southwestern Yemen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 406 children were screened for urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the children's demographic and socio-economic information and their KAP towards schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 73 children (18%) were found to be infected by Schistosoma mansoni. None of the children were positive for Schistosoma haematobium. The prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was significantly higher among boys than girls (22.1% vs 12%; p=0.010). Approximately two-thirds (63.3% [257\/406]) of the children had heard about schistosomiasis, however, only 38.5%, 53.6%, 28.4% and 38.1% had correct knowledge concerning the causes, symptoms, transmission and prevention, respectively. A significantly higher level of knowledge was observed among boys and Schistosoma-infected children compared with girls and non-infected children (p&amp;lt;0.05). However, a better level of knowledge does not seem to translate directly into the performance of hygienic practices. Multivariate logistic regression showed that sex and infection status were the significant predictors of good knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intestinal schistosomiasis is prevalent among schoolchildren in rural Yemen. The findings reveal that children's knowledge about schistosomiasis is inadequate. Therefore, besides mass drug administration, integrated control programmes should also include health education and the provision of improved drinking water and proper sanitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T07:43:28Z","timestamp":1602747808000},"page":"687-698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A cross-sectional survey of the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding schistosomiasis among rural schoolchildren in Taiz governorate, southwestern Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Talal H","family":"Alharazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham M","family":"Al-Mekhlafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib1","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"10159","key":"2021060200005401100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102051","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in humans: disease burden, pathobiology and anthelmintic vaccines","volume":"75","author":"","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021060200005401100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try128","article-title":"The burden and epidemiology of polyparasitism among rural communities in Kano State, Nigeria","volume":"113","author":"Dawaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3668-4","article-title":"Knowledge, perceptions and practices regarding schistosomiasis among women living in a highly endemic rural district in Zimbabwe: implications on infections among preschool-aged children","volume":"12","author":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003444","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003444","article-title":"Associations between schistosomiasis and the use of human waste as an agricultural fertilizer in China","volume":"9","author":"Carlton","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021060200005401100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932019000075","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection and risk factors among the fishermen of Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia","volume":"51","author":"Menjetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1728164","article-title":"Epidemiological dynamics and associated risk factors of S. haematobium in humans and its snail vectors in Nigeria: a meta-analysis (1983\u20132018)","volume":"114","author":"Odeniran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"50","key":"2021060200005401100_bib10","first-page":"681","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: numbers of people treated in 2017","volume":"93","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.09.004","article-title":"Tailoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) targets for soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis control","volume":"34","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3022-2","article-title":"Mass drug administration and the sustainable control of schistosomiasis: an evaluation of treatment compliance in the rural Philippines","volume":"11","author":"Inobaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2021060200005401100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy001","article-title":"Are we on our way to achieving the 2020 goals for schistosomiasis morbidity control using current World Health Organization guidelines?","volume":"66","author":"Toor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021060200005401100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1414","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30346-8","article-title":"Improving public health control of schistosomiasis with a modified WHO strategy: a model-based comparison study","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib15","volume-title":"Helminth control in school age children: a guide for managers of control programmes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/2046904712Z.00000000047","article-title":"Community participation in the prevention and control of dengue: the patio limpio strategy in Mexico","volume":"32","author":"Tapia-Conyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h3267","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3267","article-title":"Evidence based community mobilization for dengue prevention in Nicaragua and Mexico (Camino Verde, the Green Way): cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"351","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7041-5","article-title":"Community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices associated with transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic region: a qualitative cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib19","first-page":"55","article-title":"Health education strategies for tropical disease control in school children","volume":"91","author":"Ekeh","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001475","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control","volume":"6","author":"Hotez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021060200005401100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003292","article-title":"Yemen: fighting neglected tropical diseases against all odds","volume":"8","author":"Baring","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021060200005401100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002377","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of schistosomiasis among children in Yemen: implications for an effective control programme","volume":"7","author":"Sady","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021060200005401100_bib23","first-page":"635","article-title":"Schistosomes infection rate in relation to environmental factors in school children","volume":"21","author":"Raja'a","year":"2000","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021060200005401100_bib24","first-page":"856","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni as a cause of bloody stool in children","volume":"22","author":"Haidar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2021060200005401100_bib25","first-page":"977","article-title":"Evaluation of a programme for control of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Yemen","volume":"11","author":"Nagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib26","first-page":"479","article-title":"Frequency of intestinal parasitic infection among children in Hadhramout governorate (Yemen)","volume":"40","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021060200005401100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60113-2","article-title":"Prevalence and co-infections of schistosomiasis\/hepatitis B and C viruses among school children in an endemic area in Taiz, Yemen","volume":"4","author":"Al-Shamiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib28","first-page":"219","article-title":"Effect of school-based treatment on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in endemic area in Yemen","volume":"8","author":"Abdulrab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021060200005401100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EPX.0000441277.96615.96","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Yemen: prevalence, risk factors, and the effect of a chemotherapeutic intervention","volume":"88","author":"Al-Waleedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib30","volume-title":"Statistical Yearbook 2017","author":"Central Statistical Organisation"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2651","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2651","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis","volume":"342","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581304","volume-title":"District laboratory practice in tropical countries, part 1","author":"Cheesbrough","year":"2005","edition":"2nd edition"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib33","volume-title":"Helminth control in school-age children: a guide for managers of control programmes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021060200005401100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.08.013","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding vector-borne diseases in western Jamaica","volume":"81","author":"Alobuia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021060200005401100_bib35","first-page":"217","article-title":"Intestinal parasitoses and schistosome infections among students with special reference to praziquantel efficacy in patients with schistosomosis in Hajjah governorate, Yemen","volume":"65","author":"Alharbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021060200005401100_bib36","first-page":"294","volume":"12","author":"Sallam","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis mansoni in Yemen: a review"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib37","first-page":"64","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children of Al-Mahweet governorate, Yemen","volume":"6","author":"Alwabr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Biol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2021060200005401100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007703","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends","volume":"123","author":"Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3745-8","article-title":"Freshwater snails of biomedical importance in the Niger River Valley: evidence of temporal and spatial patterns in abundance, distribution and infection with Schistosoma spp","volume":"12","author":"Rabone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021060200005401100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1023","article-title":"Studies on schistosomiasis in Taiz province, Yemen Arab Republic","volume":"32","author":"Hazza","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib41","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis control project in Yemen Arab Republic","author":"Daffalla","year":"1988"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021060200005401100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01841.x","article-title":"Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in urban farming communities in western Cote d'Ivoire","volume":"12","author":"Matthys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021060200005401100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143667","article-title":"The menace of schistosomiasis in Nigeria: knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding schistosomiasis among rural communities in Kano state","volume":"10","author":"Dawaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3689-z","article-title":"Epidemiological findings and policy implications from the nationwide schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis survey in Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021060200005401100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228007","article-title":"Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, southwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Tefera","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021060200005401100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182197","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni reinfection: analysis of risk factors by classification and regression tree (CART) modeling","volume":"12","author":"Gazzinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1050-8","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards schistosomiasis among rural population in Yemen","volume":"8","author":"Sady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3494-y","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices in relation to prevention and control of schistosomiasis infection in Mwea Kirinyaga county, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Mwai","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib49","first-page":"53","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis: prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practices among school children in an endemic area of north western Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Mazigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rural Trop Public Health"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007138","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices with regard to schistosomiasis prevention and control: two cross-sectional household surveys before and after a community dialogue intervention in Nampula province, Mozambique","volume":"13","author":"Rassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060200005401100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0453-0","article-title":"Community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to schistosomiasis and associated healthcare-seeking behaviours in northern C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and southern Mauritania","volume":"7","author":"Koffi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2021060200005401100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00060-3","article-title":"The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections","volume":"86","author":"Asaolua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021060200005401100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2651","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002651","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): a critical component for sustainable soil-transmitted helminth and schistosomiasis control","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021060200005401100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3532-6","article-title":"The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps","volume":"12","author":"Vaz Nery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021060200005401100_bib55","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective","volume":"2014","author":"Inobaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/6\/687\/38384416\/traa115.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/6\/687\/38384416\/traa115.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T23:45:15Z","timestamp":1622591115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/115\/6\/687\/5948142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traa115","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]}}}