{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:44:22Z","timestamp":1778910262040,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014836","name":"Italian Agency for Development Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID10821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID10821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014836","name":"Italian Agency for Development Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID10861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID10861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous granulomatous\u00a0disease that is endemic in Sudan and other countries. It can be caused by eight different fungal orders. The gold standard diagnostic test is culture, however, culture-independent methods such as imaging, histopathological and molecular techniques can support diagnosis, especially in cases of negative cultures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amplicon-based internal transcribed spacer 2 metagenomic technique was used to study black grains isolated from 14 tissue biopsies from patients with mycetoma. Furthermore, mycological culture and surgical biopsy histopathological examinations of grains were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Madurella mycetomatis (n=5) and Falciformispora spp. (n=4) organisms were identified by culture and confirmed by metagenomics. Metagenomics recognised, at the species level, Falciformispora as Falciformispora tompkinsii (n=3) and Falciformispora senegalensis (n=1), while in culture-negative cases (n=5), Madurella mycetomatis (n=3), Falciformispora senegalensis (n=1) and Fusarium spp. (n=1) were identified. Interestingly, the metagenomics results showed a \u2018consortium\u2019 of different fungi in each sample, mainly Ascomycota phylum, including various species associated with eumycetoma. The microbial co-occurrence in eumycetoma showed the co-presence of Madurella with Trichoderma, Chaetomium, Malasseziales and Sordariales spp., while Falciformispora co-presented with Inocybe and Alternaria and was in mutual exclusion with Subramaniula, Aspergillus and Trichothecium.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metagenomics provides new insights into the aetiology of eumycetoma in samples with negative culture and into the diversity and complexity of grains mycobiota, calling into question the accuracy of traditional culture for the identification of causative agents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T20:50:26Z","timestamp":1608238226000},"page":"307-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metagenomics of black grains: new highlights in the understanding of eumycetoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Santona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najwa A","family":"Mhmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Edwar","family":"Siddig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Deligios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Fiamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar Mubarak","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Institute for Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Bu. 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