{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:11:29Z","timestamp":1787501489582,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mycetoma is a recognised neglected tropical disease that for a long time has been accorded inadequate attention across the globe. It is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). Mycetoma treatment depends on an accurate and precise diagnosis. The cornerstone for proper disease diagnosis is identification of the causative organisms, but also critical for diagnosis and management planning is determination of its extent along and across tissue planes. An initial diagnosis is made after clinical assessment. Clinical examination alone does not identify the causative organism nor does it detect the spread of disease along the different tissue planes and bone. Imaging techniques, such as radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to determine the extent of lesions. In this communication, the Mycetoma Research Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Mycetoma, University of Khartoum, presents its experience and recommendations on mycetoma diagnostic imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T15:50:26Z","timestamp":1608220226000},"page":"387-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Mycetoma imaging: the best practice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Mustafa Elnour","family":"Bahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Radiography, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama E L Hadi","family":"Bakheet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Hassan","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv003","article-title":"Mycetoma: an old and still neglected tropical disease","volume":"109","author":"Hay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419233337300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005509","article-title":"Mycetoma: a global medical and socio-economic dilemma","volume":"11","author":"Fahal","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041419233337300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791107","article-title":"Mycetoma.","volume":"79","author":"Fahal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233337300_bib4","first-page":"514","article-title":"Mycetoma","volume":"4","author":"Fahal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Khartoum Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233337300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00009-9","article-title":"Mycetoma: thorn on the flesh","volume":"98","author":"Fahal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233337300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00359-X","article-title":"Mycetoma","volume":"16","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419233337300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007351","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in the mycetoma granuloma","volume":"13","author":"Siddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003679","article-title":"Mycetoma in the Sudan: the Mycetoma Research Centre update","volume":"9","author":"Fahal","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419233337300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002918","article-title":"Merits and pitfalls of currently used diagnostic tools in mycetoma","volume":"8","author":"van de Sande","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419233337300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007056","article-title":"The accuracy of histopathological and cytopathological techniques in the identification of the mycetoma causative agents","volume":"13","author":"Siddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419233337300_bib11","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Ultrasonographic imaging of mycetoma","volume":"84","author":"Fahal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419233337300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2020.968.972","article-title":"Characterization of foot mycetoma using sonography and color Doppler imaging","volume":"23","author":"Gameraddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419233337300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1148\/70.6.841","article-title":"The bone changes of Madura foot; observations in Uganda Africans","volume":"70","author":"Davies","year":"1958","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.3.1800665","article-title":"New radiographic classification of bone involvement in pedal mycetoma","volume":"180","author":"Abd El Bagi","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib15","first-page":"352","article-title":"Mycetoma of the hand","volume":"25","author":"Abd El-Bagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419233337300_bib16","first-page":"529","article-title":"Mycetoma revisited. Incidence of various radiographic signs","volume":"30","author":"Abd El-Bagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419233337300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00352615","article-title":"Mycetoma","volume":"14","author":"Lewall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2021041419233337300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1148\/53.1.81","article-title":"Mycetoma pedis","volume":"53","author":"Carroll","year":"1949","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233337300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/028418501127346413","article-title":"MR and other imaging methods in the investigation of mycetoma","volume":"42","author":"Czechowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419233337300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90429-0","article-title":"Pathological fracture in mycetoma","volume":"90","author":"Fahal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003587","article-title":"Head and neck mycetoma: the Mycetoma Research Centre experience","volume":"9","author":"Fahal","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419233337300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.3.1994434","article-title":"Mycetoma: comparison of MR imaging with CT","volume":"178","author":"Sharif","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021041419233337300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.08.009","article-title":"New MRI grading system for the diagnosis and management of mycetoma","volume":"106","author":"El Shamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419233337300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006391","article-title":"A holistic approach to the mycetoma management","volume":"12","author":"Bakhiet","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021041419233337300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-671","article-title":"The \u201cdot-in-circle\u201d sign in musculoskeletal mycetoma on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography","volume":"3","author":"Laohawiriyakamol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419233337300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219780000981","article-title":"Blood supply and vasculature of mycetoma","volume":"35","author":"Fahal","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041419233337300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199309000-00013","article-title":"Scintigraphic evaluation of mycetoma","volume":"14","author":"Braga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419233337300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185116668215","article-title":"Inter- and intra-rater agreement in the assessment of the vascularity of spinal metastases using digital subtraction angiography tumor blush","volume":"58","author":"Clausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"2021041419233337300_bib29","article-title":"Mycetoma policies and management guidelines for service provision and essential good clinical practice","author":"Mycetoma Research Centre"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/387\/37060810\/traa178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/387\/37060810\/traa178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T16:30:04Z","timestamp":1618590604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/115\/4\/387\/6127447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traa178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}