{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:34:45Z","timestamp":1787009685139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Scientific Organisation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eumycetoma is a neglected tropical implantation mycosis characterized by large subcutaneous swellings. Inside the infected tissue, the causative agents are found in grains. The most common causative agents form black grains and are sterile upon isolation. In vitro susceptibility assays were developed for eumycetoma causative agents. They were based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38A protocol and modified to enable the use of hyphae as a starting inoculum. To ease endpoint reading, viability dyes such as resazurin or XTT have been used. So far the in vitro susceptibility assays developed have mainly been used to establish if causative agents are inhibited in growth by various antifungal agents, but not for clinical decision making. For drug discovery, the assay proved useful in determining which compounds were able to prevent hyphal growth. However, a clear correlation between in vitro inhibition in terms of the half maximal inhibitory concentration or 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) and therapeutic efficacy assayed in a novel model system in terms of Galleria mellonella larval survival was not found. For clinical decision making, a range of MICs were found for each antifungal agent. However, no clinical breakpoints have been established for any of the causative agents. For itraconazole, the MIC50 of most causative agents was below the attainable serum levels, which might indicate that they are susceptible. However, before in vitro susceptibility can be used in clinical decision making for mycetoma, a correlation between MIC and clinical outcome needs to be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T16:36:17Z","timestamp":1608568577000},"page":"343-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Wendy W J","family":"van de Sande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00359-X","article-title":"Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease","volume":"16","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041419232604600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002550","article-title":"Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"van de Sande","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx061","article-title":"Closing the mycetoma knowledge gap","volume":"56","author":"van de Sande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib4","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Fungi causing eumycotic mycetoma","volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","edition":"12th ed"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021041419232604600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003218","article-title":"Mycetoma medical therapy","volume":"8","author":"Welsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231871","article-title":"Mycetoma epidemiology, diagnosis management, and outcome in three hospital centres in Senegal from 2008 to 2018","volume":"15","author":"Sow","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419232604600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.02.017","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing in Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus infections: are the MICs useful for clinicians?","volume":"26","author":"Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib8","volume-title":"M38 reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2017","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib9","volume-title":"Method for the determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for conidia forming moulds","author":"Arendrup","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib10","first-page":"61","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Etest, EUCAST, and CLSI methods for amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole against clinically relevant Fusarium species","author":"Al-Hatmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02432-10","article-title":"Comparison of the broth microdilution methods of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for testing itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole against Aspergillus isolates","volume":"49","author":"Pfaller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419232604600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.715","article-title":"Effect of inoculum form on in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus spp","volume":"47","author":"Pujol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780802713497","article-title":"The effects of antifungal agents to conidial and hyphal forms of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"48","author":"van de Sande","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04381-14","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified EUCAST fragmented-mycelium inoculum method for in vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes and the activity of novel antifungal agents","volume":"59","author":"Risslegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2021041419232604600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9570-7","article-title":"Susceptibility screening of hyphae-forming fungi with a new, easy, and fast inoculum preparation method","volume":"174","author":"Schmalreck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419232604600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2949-2954.2000","article-title":"Comparison of NCCLS and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods of in vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi and development of a new simplified method","volume":"38","author":"Meletiadis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1364-1368.2005","article-title":"Testing of the in vitro susceptibilities of Madurella mycetomatis to six antifungal agents by using the Sensititre system in comparison with a viability-based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a modified NCCLS method","volume":"49","author":"van de Sande","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01532","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01532-19","article-title":"Pyomelanin secretion in Madurella mycetomatis interferes with spectrophotometric endpoint reading using the Sensititre YeastOne alamarBlue assay but not with visual endpoint reading","volume":"64","author":"Nyuykonge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu098","article-title":"In vitro antifungal susceptibility of coelomycete agents of black grain eumycetoma to eight antifungals","volume":"53","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01338-20","article-title":"Development and validation of an in vitro resazurin-based susceptibility assay against Madurella mycetomatis","author":"Abd Algaffar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021041419232604600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4256-4263.2001","article-title":"Comparison of spectrophotometric and visual readings of NCCLS method and evaluation of a colorimetric method based on reduction of a soluble tetrazolium salt, 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-[(sulfenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide], for antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus species","volume":"39","author":"Meletiadis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419232604600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2742-2746.2004","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of Madurella mycetomatis to itraconazole and amphotericin B assessed by a modified NCCLS method and a viability-based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay","volume":"48","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419232604600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12264","article-title":"A rapid microplate method for the proliferation assay of fungi and the antifungal susceptibility testing using the colorimetric microbial viability assay","volume":"59","author":"Tsukatani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6960-9_1","article-title":"Basic colorimetric proliferation assays: MTT, WST, and resazurin","volume":"1601","author":"Prabst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419232604600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01868.x","article-title":"An ATP bioluminescence assay applicable to rapid fluconazole susceptibility testing of dermatophytes","volume":"41","author":"Yoshida","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021041419232604600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01606.x","article-title":"Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity","volume":"267","author":"O'Brien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419232604600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1450-1452.1998","article-title":"Comparison of a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) colorimetric method with the standardized National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method of testing clinical yeast isolates for susceptibility to antifungal agents","volume":"36","author":"Hawser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002942","article-title":"Madurella mycetomatis is highly susceptible to ravuconazole","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13570","article-title":"In vitro activity of antiseptic solutions against Madurella mycetomatis, implications on eumycetoma management","volume":"172","author":"Eadie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003488","article-title":"The in vitro antifungal activity of Sudanese medicinal plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the eumycetoma major causative agent","volume":"9","author":"Elfadil","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041419232604600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01170-12","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole to Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"56","author":"Kloezen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01045-10","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to posaconazole and terbinafine","volume":"55","author":"van Belkum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl526","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis, prime agent of Madura foot, to tea tree oil and artemisinin","volume":"59","author":"van de Sande","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006437","article-title":"Addressing the most neglected diseases through an open research model: the discovery of fenarimols as novel drug candidates for eumycetoma","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz529","article-title":"Madurella mycetomatis, the main causative agent of eumycetoma, is highly susceptible to olorofim","volume":"75","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05477-11","article-title":"New species of Madurella, causative agents of black-grain mycetoma","volume":"50","author":"de Hoog","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419232604600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04487-14","article-title":"In vitro interaction of currently used azoles with terbinafine against Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"59","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419232604600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00477-16","article-title":"Novel taxa associated with human fungal black-grain mycetomas: Emarellia grisea gen. nov., sp. nov., and Emarellia paragrisea sp. nov","volume":"54","author":"Borman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802512451","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing of Exophiala spp.: a head-to-head comparison of amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole","volume":"47","author":"Fothergill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01546-09","article-title":"Madurella mycetomatis is not susceptible to the echinocandin class of antifungal agents","volume":"54","author":"van de Sande","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib41","volume-title":"Fosravuconazole","author":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419232604600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219380000181","article-title":"Antimycotic susceptibility testing of agents of black grain eumycetoma","volume":"31","author":"Venugopal","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419232604600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16402","article-title":"Diagnostic implications of mycetoma derived from Madurella pseudomycetomatis isolates from Mexico","volume":"34","author":"Nyuykonge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1361","article-title":"Activities of amphotericin B and antifungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseudallescheria boydii","volume":"39","author":"Walsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1436-1438.2003","article-title":"Activity of posaconazole against Pseudallescheria boydii: in vitro and in vivo assays","volume":"47","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1993.tb00844.x","article-title":"Treatment of eumycetoma with ketoconazole","volume":"34","author":"Venugopal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419232604600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12779","article-title":"In vitro activities of antifungal drugs against environmental Exophiala isolates and review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Gulmez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419232604600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903148353","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of Exophiala jeanselmei, with a case report and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the species","volume":"48","author":"Badali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00705-08","article-title":"Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: established and emerging indications","volume":"53","author":"Andes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02006-13","article-title":"Terbinafine in combination with other antifungal agents for treatment of resistant or refractory mycoses: investigating optimal dosing regimens using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model","volume":"58","author":"Dolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12871","article-title":"Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"22","author":"Eadie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib52","article-title":"Metabolomic approach to tap the potential of essential oils against Madurella mycetomatis \u2013 one of the most neglected fungal infections","volume-title":"Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycosis","author":"Abd Algaffar","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041419232604600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14025","article-title":"Amphotericin B but not itraconazole is able to prevent grain formation in experimental Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in mice","volume":"173","author":"van de Sande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(62)90143-8","article-title":"Chemotherapy of maduromycosis. I. Preliminary experiments with diamidinodi-phenylamine dihydrochloride and amphotericin B in vivo and in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Murray","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx064","article-title":"Amphotericin B and terbinafine but not the azoles prolong survival in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"56","author":"Kloezen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041419232604600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(60)90114-0","article-title":"Experimental infection of mice with Madurella mycetomi","volume":"54","author":"Murray","year":"1960","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00096-8","article-title":"A murine model of Madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma","volume":"37","author":"Ahmed","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419232604600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003926","article-title":"A Madurella mycetomatis grain model in Galleria mellonella larvae","volume":"9","author":"Kloezen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041419232604600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.015","article-title":"Melanin biosynthesis in Madurella mycetomatis and its effect on susceptibility to itraconazole and ketoconazole","volume":"9","author":"van de Sande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057774","article-title":"A histopathological exploration of the Madurella mycetomatis grain","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419232604600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb14125.x","article-title":"Black grain mycetoma. Atomic absorption and spark source mass spectrophotometry of the tissue grain in Madurella mycetomi infection","volume":"97","author":"Findlay","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1974.tb12899.x","article-title":"Black grain mycetoma. A study of the chemistry, formation and significance of the tissue grain in Madurella mycetomi infection","volume":"91","author":"Findlay","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232604600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218780000051","article-title":"Ultrastructural and immunogenic changes in the formation of mycetoma grains","volume":"25","author":"Wethered","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021041419232604600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2016-0049","article-title":"Fungal biofilm composition and opportunities in drug discovery","volume":"8","author":"Reichhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00617","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of photodynamic therapy alone and combined with standard antifungal therapy on planktonic cells and biofilms of Fusarium spp. and Exophiala spp","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419232604600_bib66","first-page":"1045","article-title":"In vitro interactions between IAP antagonist AT406 and azoles against planktonic cells and biofilms of pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Exophiala dermatitidis","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021041419232604600_bib67","volume-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs for antifungal agents, version 10.0, valid from 2020-02-04","author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041419232604600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.07.003","article-title":"Predictors of cure, amputation and follow-up dropout among patients with mycetoma seen at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"106","author":"Zein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90126-3","article-title":"Ketoconazole in the treatment of eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomii","volume":"78","author":"Mahgoub","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041419232604600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.11.008","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"105","author":"Fahal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419232604600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02392.x","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of oral terbinafine in fungal mycetoma","volume":"45","author":"N'Diaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/343\/37060986\/traa184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/343\/37060986\/traa184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T16:26:03Z","timestamp":1618590363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/115\/4\/343\/6127446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traa184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}