{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:13:59Z","timestamp":1784762039194,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Undertaking research and attaining informed consent can be challenging when there is political unrest and community mistrust. Rapid ethical appraisal (REA) is a tool that uses qualitative methods to explore sociocultural issues that may affect the ethical conduct of research.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used REA in northeast Ethiopia shortly following a period of unrest, during which violence against researchers occurred, to assess stakeholder perceptions of research, researchers and the informed consent process. We held 32 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most community members had little awareness about podoconiosis or healthcare research. Convincing the community to donate blood for research is challenging due to association with HIV testing. The attack on researchers was mainly motivated by the community's mistrust of their intentions against the background of a volatile political situation. Social media contributed to the spread of misinformation. Lack of community engagement was also a key contributing factor.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using REA, we identified potential barriers to the informed consent process, participant recruitment for data and specimen collection and the smooth conduct of research. Researchers should assess existing conditions in the study area and engage with the community to increase awareness prior to commencing their research activities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:12:12Z","timestamp":1610572332000},"page":"1026-1038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rapid ethical appraisal of stakeholder views on research prior to undertaking immunopathogenesis studies on podoconiosis in northeast Ethiopia during a period of social instability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3868-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikias","family":"Negash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research , Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK"},{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menberework","family":"Chanyalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewodros","family":"T Gebresilase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Unit of Health Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bizunesh","family":"Sintayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Anteye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie J","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research , Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib1","volume-title":"The Ethics of Research Related to Healthcare in Developing Countries","author":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics","year":"2005."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090403104873500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12288","article-title":"Informed consent comprehension in African research settings","volume":"19","author":"Afolabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090403104873500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.02.004","article-title":"Views of US researchers about informed consent in international collaborative research","volume":"61","author":"Dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090403104873500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209500601","article-title":"Ethics of healthcare research in developing countries","volume":"95","author":"Zumla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1525\/jer.2012.7.1.37","article-title":"Tailoring information provision and consent processes to research contexts: the value of rapid assessments","volume":"7","author":"Bull","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090403104873500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004531","article-title":"Preparing for and executing a randomised controlled trial of podoconiosis treatment in Northern Ethiopia: The utility of rapid ethical assessment","volume":"10","author":"Negussie","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-016-0127-z","article-title":"Cluster randomized trial assessing the effects of rapid ethical assessment on informed consent comprehension in a low-resource setting","volume":"17","author":"Addissie","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090403104873500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv034","article-title":"Understanding of research, genetics and genetic research in a rapid ethical assessment in north west Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Kengne-Ouafo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090403104873500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.08.013","article-title":"Podoconiosis: non-infectious geochemical elephantiasis","volume":"101","author":"Davey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-10-13","article-title":"Impact of social stigma on the process of obtaining informed consent for genetic research on podoconiosis: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Tekola","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"99","key":"2021090403104873500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12613.1","article-title":"Rapid Ethical Appraisal: A tool to design a contextualized","volume":"2","author":"Gebresilase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib12","author":"The Reporter Ethiopia Magazine"},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib13"},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib14","volume-title":"Ebola health workers killed and injured by rebel attack in Congo."},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib15","volume-title":"Caution and Steadfastness.","author":"After Attacks on Researchers."},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib16","volume-title":"Covid 19 researchers are attacked, detained in at least 10 Brazilian states."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090403104873500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001744","article-title":"Podoconiosis in East and West Gojam zones, northern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Molla","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090403104873500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000482","article-title":"Tailoring consent to context: designing an appropriate consent process for a biomedical study in a low income setting","volume":"3","author":"Tekola","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090403104873500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157056","article-title":"Rapid ethical assessment on informed","volume":"11","author":"Abay","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1525\/jer.2012.7.1.37","article-title":"Tekola Ayele F. Tailoring information provision and consent processes to research contexts: the value of rapid assessments","volume":"7","author":"Bull","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-13-15","article-title":"Seeking consent to genetic and genomic research in a rural Ghanaian setting: a qualitative study of the MalariaGEN experience","volume":"13","author":"Tindana","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090403104873500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000482","article-title":"Tailoring consent to context: designing an appropriate consent process for a biomedical study in a low income setting","volume":"3","author":"Tekola","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090403104873500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.08.001","article-title":"The burden of non-filarial elephantiasis in Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"Animut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090403104873500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/23.2.116","article-title":"Asian and Pacific Islander cultural values: considerations for health care decision making","volume":"23","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2006.019059","article-title":"Informed consent in Ghana: what do participants really understand?","volume":"34","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1026","article-title":"Perceptions of consent, permission structures and approaches to the community: a rapid ethical assessment performed in North West Cameroon","volume":"14","author":"Kengne-Ouafo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090403104873500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/21507716.2011.616183","article-title":"Physician-researchers\u2019 experiences of the consent process in the sociocultural context of a developing country","volume":"2","author":"Malik","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJOB primary research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090403104873500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180108080237","article-title":"Cultural competence\u201d and informed consent in international health research","volume":"17","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib29","volume-title":"False rumors set Buddhist against Muslim in Sri Lanka, the most recent in a global spate of violence fanned by social media."},{"key":"2021090403104873500_bib30","volume-title":"Police arrest 25 people in India after latest WhatsApp lynching."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090403104873500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.02.023","article-title":"Ethics and the ethnography of medical research in Africa","volume":"67","author":"Molyneux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0422-6","article-title":"Compensation of subjects for participation in biomedical research in resource\u2013limited settings: a discussion of practices in Malawi","volume":"20","author":"Nyangulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090403104873500_bib33","article-title":"Time","volume":"57","author":"Assefa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090403104873500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.073","article-title":"Trust and informed consent: insights from community members on the Kenyan coast","volume":"61","author":"Molyneux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/9\/1026\/40303443\/trab003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/115\/9\/1026\/40303443\/trab003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T03:11:20Z","timestamp":1630725080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/115\/9\/1026\/6133065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trab003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]}}}