{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:20:38Z","timestamp":1779200438621,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009122","name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Currently there is a wide knowledge gap in our understanding of mycetoma epidemiological characteristics, including the infection route.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological study was carried out to determine the role of exposure to animals and insects such as ticks in the transmission of eumycetoma in two adjacent villages at eastern Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Significant differences were found between the two villages in the level of contact and exposure to animals and ticks, the percentages of people bitten by ticks, participation in cleaning animal pens and knowledge of the medical importance of ticks. In the village with a high mycetoma prevalence rate, there were high infestation rates of ticks in domestic animals. Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species were the most prevalent species in houses with mycetoma patients and together they constituted 83% of the total collection. Pool screening of vectors for the detection of Madurella mycetomatis recombinant RNA genes showed one positive pool from Rhipicephalus evertsi following amplification of the universal fungal primer and one positive sample from Hyalomma rufipes following the use of a specific primer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The findings indicate a possible role of ticks in the transmission of eumycetoma causative agents. However, further in-depth studies are needed to verify this.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T12:56:36Z","timestamp":1613220996000},"page":"364-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A possible role for ticks in the transmission of <i>Madurella mycetomatis<\/i> in a mycetoma-endemic village in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Rasha S","family":"Azrag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Mycetoma Research Center, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar M","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Center, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najwa A","family":"Mhmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Center, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A M","family":"Almalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A H","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics and Control Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Wildlife Research Center, Ministry of Animal Resources, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Center, Soba University Hospital, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233442000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00009-9","article-title":"Mycetoma: a thorn in the flesh","volume":"98","author":"Fahal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021041419233442000_bib2","article-title":"Mycetoma \u2013 a long journey out of the shadows","author":"Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041419233442000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002550","article-title":"Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"van de Sande","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021041419233442000_bib4","article-title":"Human actinomycetoma caused by Actinomadura mexicana in Sudan: the first report","author":"Siddig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419233442000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004244","article-title":"Mycetoma: a long journey from neglect","volume":"10","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041419233442000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007351","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in the mycetoma granuloma","volume":"13","author":"Siddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041419233442000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01131-4","article-title":"Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041419233442000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007056","article-title":"The accuracy of histopathological and cytopathological techniques in the identification of the mycetoma causative agents","volume":"13","author":"Siddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021041419233442000_bib9","first-page":"147","article-title":"Isolation of Nocardia brasiliensis and asteroides from soils]","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez-Ochoa","year":"1960","journal-title":"Rev Inst Salubr Enferm Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041419233442000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120588","article-title":"Survey of soils for human pathogenic fungi from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. 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