{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:06:38Z","timestamp":1789556798348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mycetoma is a neglected disease, which is socioeconomically important, and with the possibility of permanent disability in infected persons if not treated early. This is especially true in resource-limited settings such as West Africa, where there is a lack of facilities and skilled personnel to make a definitive laboratory diagnosis. Countries in West Africa have similar climatic conditions to Sudan. The majority of patients seek medical care very late, when there is already bone involvement, resulting in amputations. This results in poor capture of the true burden of the problem in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review of the literature revealed about 2685 documented cases in West Africa from 1929 to 2020; from 15 out of 16 countries, Senegal accounted for 74.1% (1943) of cases in the subregion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of lesions were found on the foot; however, other body parts were also reported. Rural dwellers accounted for most cases. Only 547 (20.4%) cases had identified isolates reported. Actinomycetoma accounted for 47.9% of cases, eumycetoma 39.7% and unidentified pathogens 12.4%. Actinomadura pelletieri was the predominant pathogen isolated (21.4%; 117 isolates).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a dire need for capacity building, provision of facility and health education to raise awareness of this debilitating disease in West Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1613362901000},"page":"328-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Mycetoma in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Okeoghene","family":"Oladele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimata","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology unit of Institut d'Hygiene Sociale de Dakar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douduo","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha O","family":"Akinkugbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright K","family":"Ocansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy W J","family":"van de Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041419232844300_bib1","volume-title":"WHA69.21: Assessing the burden of mycetoma","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021041419232844300_bib2","volume-title":"Results of the 2017 global WHO survey on mycetoma","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041419232844300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01131-4","article-title":"Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041419232844300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00359-X","article-title":"Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease","volume":"16","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041419232844300_bib5","first-page":"586","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of Mycetoma in Mexico. 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