{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:21:27Z","timestamp":1781173287948,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical presentation of gambiense human African trypanosomias (gHAT) is generally considered to be the same among children and adults. In general, when describing the clinical presentation of children with gHAT, no differentiation is made between congenital gHAT and gHAT acquired later. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the signs and symptoms attributable to congenital gHAT and its long-term sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following an evaluation of the hospital register for gHAT, the authors observed that six children born to mothers with gHAT during their pregnancies still had sequelae of the infection. The six mothers were interviewed about their respective pregnancies and the developmental history of the children borne to the infected mothers. Furthermore, the children then underwent a complete physical examination with a focus on neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five of the six patients are still seriously disabled. Behavioral changes are present in four patients, tremor, speech impairment, involuntary movements and pathologic the Barr\u00e9s test and Mingazzini test in three patients and convulsions, pyramidal signs and decreased muscle tonus in two patients. Two patients cannot work and one has a sphincter disorder.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study suggests that congenital gHAT may lead to long-lasting sequelae in babies born to mothers treated after delivery. The risk of embryo toxicity of treatment of mothers with gHAT must be balanced against the risk of congenital gHAT with long-term sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T19:22:53Z","timestamp":1622056973000},"page":"932-936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Long-term sequelae of congenital gambiense human African trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Junior","family":"Mudji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Evang\u00e9lique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728 Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Protestant University of Congo, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, B.P. 4745, Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"K\u00fcnzli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Evang\u00e9lique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728 Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2021080207532793600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.03.003","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"26","author":"Brun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021080207532793600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0093-3","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis-neurological aspects","volume":"253","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2021080207532793600_bib3","first-page":"227","article-title":"Neurological and psychological studies of patients with sleeping sickness and their course","volume":"57","author":"Antoine","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021080207532793600_bib4","first-page":"281","article-title":"Symptoms of human trypanosomiasis at the first diagnostic phase in the People Republic of Congo (transl)","volume":"42","author":"Ginoux","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021080207532793600_bib5","first-page":"499","article-title":"Clinical and biological symptoms of T. gambiense tryponosomiasis in the meningo-encephalitic period (transl)","volume":"39","author":"Edan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021080207532793600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.001","article-title":"Clinical aspects of 2541 patients with second stage human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"97","author":"Blum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021080207532793600_bib7","first-page":"303","article-title":"Symptomatologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la trypanosomiase humaine Africaine au moment du d\u00e9pistage","volume":"20","author":"Bertrand","year":"1973","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine d'Afrique Noire"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021080207532793600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70230-5","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021080207532793600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01948.x","article-title":"Sleeping hearts: the role of the heart in sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis)","volume":"12","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021080207532793600_bib10","first-page":"253","article-title":"Characteristics of trypanosomiasis in children. 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