{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:20:44Z","timestamp":1790835644719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathogenic Leptospira can survive and contaminate surface water based on physicochemical factors. This study aimed to determine how the physicochemical properties of water sources influence the growth and effect of iron on the gene expression of Leptospira spp. P47.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surface water samples (n=55) were collected and used for Leptospira spp. P47 cultivation. Physicochemical factors, including iron, calcium, magnesium and pH, were analyzed. The association between Leptospira spp. P47 viability at days 5, 10 and 15 with the physicochemical factors were analyzed. In addition, this bacterium was cultured in six selected water samples. The effect of iron in water on HemO and LipL32 gene expression was determined by relative quantification real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospira viability at day 5 was not significantly correlated with physicochemical factors, while Leptospira viability at day 10 was associated with both pH and iron. The Leptospira viability rate at day 15 had a significantly positive association with pH and iron and a negative association with calcium. HemO expression was significantly increased, mostly in selected water samples and under iron-depleted conditions. Conversely, LipL32 expression was significantly decreased in all water samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicochemical factors in natural surface waters are key factors for bacterial survival in the environment, which may increase the chance of Leptospira infection in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T07:09:54Z","timestamp":1635145794000},"page":"609-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The viability of\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    is related to physicochemical properties of the surface water surrounding an agricultural area and\n                    <i>HemO<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>LipL32<\/i>\n                    gene expression in response to iron in water"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Jaruwan","family":"Wongbutdee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University , Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutharat","family":"Jittimanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University , Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070621365857100_bib1","volume-title":"Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070621365857100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067868","article-title":"Serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in domestic animals in West Malaysis","volume":"99","author":"Bahaman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2022070621365857100_bib3","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070621365857100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070621365857100_bib5","first-page":"55","article-title":"Survey of leptospirosis among rodents in epidemic areas of Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Wangroongsarb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"2022070621365857100_bib6","first-page":"20","article-title":"Survey of pathogenic Leptospira in rats by polymerase chain reaction in Sisaket Province","volume":"97","author":"Jittimanee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070621365857100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0748","article-title":"Viability of Leptospira isolates from a human outbreak in Thailand in various water types, pH, and temperature conditions","volume":"91","author":"Stoddard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070621365857100_bib8","first-page":"35","article-title":"The effect of pH on the survival of leptospires in water","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070621365857100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.5.983-985.1963","article-title":"Nutrition of Leptospira pomona. 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